Record Information |
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Version | 4.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2020-11-09 23:12:23 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000148 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | L-Glutamic acid |
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Description | Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimer's disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid). Moreover, glutamic acid is found to be associated with N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid | ChEBI | (S)-Glutamic acid | ChEBI | Acide glutamique | ChEBI | Acido glutamico | ChEBI | Acidum glutamicum | ChEBI | E | ChEBI | Glu | ChEBI | Glutamate | ChEBI | GLUTAMIC ACID | ChEBI | L-Glu | ChEBI | L-Glutaminic acid | ChEBI | L-Glutaminsaeure | ChEBI | (S)-2-Aminopentanedioate | Generator | (S)-Glutamate | Generator | L-Glutaminate | Generator | L-Glutamate | Generator | (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioate | HMDB | (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid | HMDB | (S)-(+)-Glutamate | HMDB | (S)-(+)-Glutamic acid | HMDB | 1-Amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylate | HMDB | 1-Amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid | HMDB | 1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylate | HMDB | 1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid | HMDB | 2-Aminoglutarate | HMDB | 2-Aminoglutaric acid | HMDB | 2-Aminopentanedioate | HMDB | 2-Aminopentanedioic acid | HMDB | a-Aminoglutarate | HMDB | a-Aminoglutaric acid | HMDB | a-Glutamate | HMDB | a-Glutamic acid | HMDB | Aciglut | HMDB | alpha-Aminoglutarate | HMDB | alpha-Aminoglutaric acid | HMDB | alpha-Glutamate | HMDB | alpha-Glutamic acid | HMDB | Aminoglutarate | HMDB | Aminoglutaric acid | HMDB | Glt | HMDB | Glusate | HMDB | Glut | HMDB | Glutacid | HMDB | Glutamicol | HMDB | Glutamidex | HMDB | Glutaminate | HMDB | Glutaminic acid | HMDB | Glutaminol | HMDB | Glutaton | HMDB | L-(+)-Glutamate | HMDB | L-(+)-Glutamic acid | HMDB | L-a-Aminoglutarate | HMDB | L-a-Aminoglutaric acid | HMDB | L-alpha-Aminoglutarate | HMDB | L-alpha-Aminoglutaric acid | HMDB | D Glutamate | HMDB | Glutamate, potassium | HMDB | Glutamic acid, (D)-isomer | HMDB | L Glutamic acid | HMDB | D-Glutamate | HMDB | L Glutamate | HMDB | Aluminum L glutamate | HMDB | Aluminum L-glutamate | HMDB | L-Glutamate, aluminum | HMDB | Potassium glutamate | HMDB | 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose | HMDB | D-GlcNAc | HMDB | N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine | HMDB | N-Acetylchitosamine | HMDB | N Acetyl D glucosamine | HMDB | 2 Acetamido 2 deoxy D glucose | HMDB | 2 Acetamido 2 deoxyglucose | HMDB | 2-Acetamido-2-deoxyglucose | HMDB | Acetylglucosamine | HMDB | 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oylglycine | HMDB | N-[(3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine | HMDB | N-Choloylglycine | HMDB | 3a,7a,12a-Trihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oylglycine | HMDB | 3Α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oylglycine | HMDB | N-[(3a,5b,7a,12a)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine | HMDB | N-[(3Α,5β,7α,12α)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine | HMDB | Glycocholate | HMDB | Glycine cholate | HMDB | Glycocholic acid, sodium salt | HMDB | Cholylglycine | HMDB | Glycocholate sodium | HMDB | 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid-24-glycine | HMDB | 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-N-(carboxymethyl)-5beta-cholan-24-amide | HMDB | 3Α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid-24-glycine | HMDB | 3Α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-N-(carboxymethyl)-5β-cholan-24-amide | HMDB | Glycoreductodehydrocholic acid | HMDB | Glycylcholate | HMDB | Glycylcholic acid | HMDB | N-(Carboxymethyl)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-amide | HMDB | N-(Carboxymethyl)-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-amide | HMDB | N-Choloyl-glycine | HMDB | 3-Hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one | HMDB | Follicular hormone | HMDB | Folliculin | HMDB | Oestrone | HMDB | (+)-Estrone | HMDB | 1,3,5(10)-Estratrien-3-ol-17-one | HMDB | 3-Hydroxy-17-keto-estra-1,3,5-triene | HMDB | 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one | HMDB | 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one | HMDB | 3-Hydroxyoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one | HMDB | D1,3,5(10)-Estratrien-3-ol-17-one | HMDB | Estrone, (+-)-isomer | HMDB | Hyrex brand OF estrone | HMDB | Estrone, (9 beta)-isomer | HMDB | Estrovarin | HMDB | Kestrone | HMDB | Wehgen | HMDB | Estrone, (8 alpha)-isomer | HMDB | Hauck brand OF estrone | HMDB | Unigen | HMDB | Vortech brand OF estrone | HMDB | alpha,beta-Hydroxypropionic acid | HMDB | D-GroA | HMDB | R-Glyceric acid | HMDB | Glycerate | HMDB | (R)-Glycerate | HMDB | a,b-Hydroxypropionate | HMDB | a,b-Hydroxypropionic acid | HMDB | alpha,beta-Hydroxypropionate | HMDB | Α,β-hydroxypropionate | HMDB | Α,β-hydroxypropionic acid | HMDB | R-Glycerate | HMDB | (R)-Glyceric acid | HMDB | D-Glycerate | HMDB | D-Glyceric acid | HMDB | (2R)-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid | HMDB | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid | HMDB | D-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid | HMDB | 1-Amino-2-hydroxyethane | HMDB | 2-Amino-1-ethanol | HMDB | 2-Amino-ethanol | HMDB | 2-Aminoethan-1-ol | HMDB | 2-Aminoethyl alcohol | HMDB | 2-Hydroxyethylamine | HMDB | Aethanolamin | HMDB | Aminoethanol | HMDB | beta-Aminoethanol | HMDB | beta-Aminoethyl alcohol | HMDB | beta-Ethanolamine | HMDB | beta-Hydroxyethylamine | HMDB | Colamine | HMDB | ETA | HMDB | Glycinol | HMDB | Hea | HMDB | MEA | HMDB | MONOETHANOLAMINE | HMDB | b-Aminoethanol | HMDB | Β-aminoethanol | HMDB | b-Aminoethyl alcohol | HMDB | Β-aminoethyl alcohol | HMDB | b-Ethanolamine | HMDB | Β-ethanolamine | HMDB | b-Hydroxyethylamine | HMDB | Β-hydroxyethylamine | HMDB | 2-Aminoethanol | HMDB | 2-Ethanolamine | HMDB | 2-Hydroxyethanamine | HMDB | Envision conditioner PDD 9020 | HMDB | Ethylolamine | HMDB | H-Glycinol | HMDB | Monoaethanolamin | HMDB | Olamine | HMDB | 2 Aminoethanol | HMDB | (3R,4S,5R)-5-[(1R)-1-Carboxy-2,2-difluoro-1-(phosphonooxy)ethoxy]-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate | HMDB | (1S)-2-[(3-O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoate | HMDB | (1S)-2-[(3-O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoic acid | HMDB | (1S)-2-[(3-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoic acid | HMDB | (1S)-2-[(3-O-Β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoate | HMDB | (1S)-2-[(3-O-Β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoic acid | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C5H9NO4 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 147.1293 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 147.053157781 |
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IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid |
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Traditional Name | L-glutamic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 56-86-0 |
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SMILES | N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamic acid and derivatives. Glutamic acid and derivatives are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
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Direct Parent | Glutamic acid and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Glutamic acid or derivatives
- Alpha-amino acid
- L-alpha-amino acid
- Amino fatty acid
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Fatty acid
- Fatty acyl
- Amino acid
- Carboxylic acid
- Organic oxide
- Primary amine
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Primary aliphatic amine
- Organopnictogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Organic oxygen compound
- Amine
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Biological role: Industrial application: |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 8.57 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | -3.69 | HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) |
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Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-0002-2950000000-2d6edc93ec5f8dee2223 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized) | splash10-002b-0940000000-4e285988bc537825d94d | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-00dj-9630000000-1ecc76aab86283892139 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) | splash10-001i-8910000000-00f65ced0c55aa4ad169 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS) | splash10-0032-3980000000-3069de5b6c49e4176968 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-0790000000-79d3e289c22cb183faa1 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-2950000000-2d6edc93ec5f8dee2223 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-002b-0940000000-4e285988bc537825d94d | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00ea-6932100000-30d3f5dcc198a5971e96 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00dj-9630000000-1ecc76aab86283892139 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-001i-8910000000-00f65ced0c55aa4ad169 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0032-3980000000-3069de5b6c49e4176968 | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0znc-9300000000-f88e86b78a4cee99a2d4 | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00di-8290000000-f99e03763f636e557887 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-003r-6900000000-95b0a084dc076f9c7b91 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-001i-9000000000-c37d4c80a14ec029ef63 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0a59-9000000000-6f1888aa71bcb0adf76c | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-004j-0900000000-5fa8a338dcd2f2a6bdd2 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-004i-0900000000-16763200aa07f7629ad4 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-03di-3900000000-d9cfc5187aa799f6f978 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-10ee9a593e13550bec1c | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0002-0900000000-4d045a3c1fc6e56f801b | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-001i-9000000000-c3c7f8f3754109a0c25b | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-004i-0900000000-48bfae26c69408b7f0ae | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0002-0900000000-82c2a681e7522a7bb1d1 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0002-0905010000-af1c9ec4d0062fa6960e | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-01q9-9700000000-2b967b896a6e48914512 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0900000000-1434321646181ea894a0 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-00di-0900000000-11fadb2530828eedad8a | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-006t-0941100000-07d051890cb1d9e5c856 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-9200000000-f8619d11f1f54d836bb1 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0900000000-ea2dd00e79ef06e8dc04 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-00di-0900000000-3e239d4014c95a2ef873 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative | splash10-0002-0900000000-b548959edce39d319cf4 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative | splash10-0udi-0900000000-40d901f655797db2cd0f | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative | splash10-0udi-1900000000-f997527a39900ac431c7 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative | splash10-0udi-7900000000-60816f0601a4e6d25ffb | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative | splash10-0007-9000000000-6ee821f657c604d1afca | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive | splash10-000t-0900000000-7c02624abe56da9247a2 | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum |
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Disease References | Epilepsy |
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- Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed:14992292 ]
| Schizophrenia |
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- Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA: Monoamine metabolites and amino acids in serum from schizophrenic patients before and during sulpiride treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;99(3):322-7. [PubMed:2480613 ]
- Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62. [PubMed:7595563 ]
- Fukushima T, Iizuka H, Yokota A, Suzuki T, Ohno C, Kono Y, Nishikiori M, Seki A, Ichiba H, Watanabe Y, Hongo S, Utsunomiya M, Nakatani M, Sadamoto K, Yoshio T: Quantitative analyses of schizophrenia-associated metabolites in serum: serum D-lactate levels are negatively correlated with gamma-glutamylcysteine in medicated schizophrenia patients. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 8;9(7):e101652. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101652. eCollection 2014. [PubMed:25004141 ]
- Koike S, Bundo M, Iwamoto K, Suga M, Kuwabara H, Ohashi Y, Shinoda K, Takano Y, Iwashiro N, Satomura Y, Nagai T, Natsubori T, Tada M, Yamasue H, Kasai K: A snapshot of plasma metabolites in first-episode schizophrenia: a capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry study. Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Apr 8;4:e379. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.19. [PubMed:24713860 ]
- Yang J, Chen T, Sun L, Zhao Z, Qi X, Zhou K, Cao Y, Wang X, Qiu Y, Su M, Zhao A, Wang P, Yang P, Wu J, Feng G, He L, Jia W, Wan C: Potential metabolite markers of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;18(1):67-78. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.131. Epub 2011 Oct 25. [PubMed:22024767 ]
| Alzheimer's disease |
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- Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed:17031479 ]
| Heart failure |
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- Norrelund H, Wiggers H, Halbirk M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Botker HE, Schmitz O, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Moller N: Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failure. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):11-21. [PubMed:16789974 ]
| Stomach cancer |
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- Yu L, Aa J, Xu J, Sun M, Qian S, Cheng L, Yang S, Shi R: Metabolomic phenotype of gastric cancer and precancerous stages based on gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Aug;26(8):1290-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06724.x. [PubMed:21443661 ]
| N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency |
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- Guffon N, Vianey-Saban C, Bourgeois J, Rabier D, Colombo JP, Guibaud P: A new neonatal case of N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency treated by carbamylglutamate. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1995;18(1):61-5. [PubMed:7623444 ]
| Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria |
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- Melancon SB, Dallaire L, Lemieux B, Robitaille P, Potier M: Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria: an inborn error of amino acid conservation. J Pediatr. 1977 Sep;91(3):422-7. [PubMed:894411 ]
| Lipoyltransferase 1 Deficiency |
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- Soreze Y, Boutron A, Habarou F, Barnerias C, Nonnenmacher L, Delpech H, Mamoune A, Chretien D, Hubert L, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschke P, Correia I, Sardet C, Boddaert N, Hamel Y, Delahodde A, Ottolenghi C, de Lonlay P: Mutations in human lipoyltransferase gene LIPT1 cause a Leigh disease with secondary deficiency for pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013 Dec 17;8:192. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-192. [PubMed:24341803 ]
| Anoxia |
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- Zupke C, Sinskey AJ, Stephanopoulos G: Intracellular flux analysis applied to the effect of dissolved oxygen on hybridomas. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995 Dec;44(1-2):27-36. [PubMed:8579834 ]
| Leukemia |
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- Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed:15911239 ]
| Rett syndrome |
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- Lappalainen R, Riikonen RS: High levels of cerebrospinal fluid glutamate in Rett syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 1996 Oct;15(3):213-6. [PubMed:8916158 ]
| Irritable bowel syndrome |
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- Ponnusamy K, Choi JN, Kim J, Lee SY, Lee CH: Microbial community and metabolomic comparison of irritable bowel syndrome faeces. J Med Microbiol. 2011 Jun;60(Pt 6):817-27. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.028126-0. Epub 2011 Feb 17. [PubMed:21330412 ]
| Colorectal cancer |
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- Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP: Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070803. Print 2013. [PubMed:23940645 ]
- Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14. [PubMed:25105552 ]
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- De Angelis M, Piccolo M, Vannini L, Siragusa S, De Giacomo A, Serrazzanetti DI, Cristofori F, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 9;8(10):e76993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076993. eCollection 2013. [PubMed:24130822 ]
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- Bjerrum JT, Wang Y, Hao F, Coskun M, Ludwig C, Gunther U, Nielsen OH: Metabonomics of human fecal extracts characterize ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. Metabolomics. 2015;11:122-133. Epub 2014 Jun 1. [PubMed:25598765 ]
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- Haro C, Montes-Borrego M, Rangel-Zuniga OA, Alcala-Diaz JF, Gomez-Delgado F, Perez-Martinez P, Delgado-Lista J, Quintana-Navarro GM, Tinahones FJ, Landa BB, Lopez-Miranda J, Camargo A, Perez-Jimenez F: Two Healthy Diets Modulate Gut Microbial Community Improving Insulin Sensitivity in a Human Obese Population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jan;101(1):233-42. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-3351. Epub 2015 Oct 27. [PubMed:26505825 ]
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- Gronwald W, Klein MS, Zeltner R, Schulze BD, Reinhold SW, Deutschmann M, Immervoll AK, Boger CA, Banas B, Eckardt KU, Oefner PJ: Detection of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by NMR spectroscopic fingerprinting of urine. Kidney Int. 2011 Jun;79(11):1244-53. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.30. Epub 2011 Mar 9. [PubMed:21389975 ]
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