Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-02-21 17:15:15 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000863 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Isopropyl alcohol |
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Description | Isopropyl alcohol, also known as isopropanol or 1-methylethanol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols are compounds containing a secondary alcohol functional group, with the general structure HOC(R)(R') (R,R'=alkyl, aryl). It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Isopropyl alcohol exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Isopropyl alcohol is an alcohol, bitter, and musty tasting compound. Isopropyl alcohol has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as papaya, roselles, apples, sweet cherries, and allium (onion). Isopropyl alcohol is an isomer of 1-propanol and is considered as a potentially toxic compound. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C3H8O/c1-3(2)4/h3-4H,1-2H3 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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1-Methylethanol | ChEBI | 1-Methylethyl alcohol | ChEBI | 2-Hydroxypropane | ChEBI | 2-Propanol | ChEBI | I-propanol | ChEBI | I-propylalkohol | ChEBI | IPA | ChEBI | Isopropanol | ChEBI | Isopropylalkohol | ChEBI | Sec-propanol | ChEBI | Isopro | Kegg | 2-Propyl alcohol | HMDB | Alcojel | HMDB | Alkolave | HMDB | Avantin | HMDB | Avantine | HMDB | Hartosol | HMDB | Lavaco | HMDB | Petrohol | HMDB | Takineocol | HMDB | Alcohol, isopropyl | HMDB | Alcohol, rubbing | HMDB | Rubbing alcohol | HMDB | 2 Propanol | HMDB | ISOPROPYL alcohol | ChEBI |
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Chemical Formula | C3H8O |
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Average Molecular Weight | 60.095 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 60.057514878 |
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IUPAC Name | propan-2-ol |
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Traditional Name | isopropyl alcohol |
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CAS Registry Number | 67-63-0 |
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SMILES | CC(C)O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C3H8O/c1-3(2)4/h3-4H,1-2H3 |
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InChI Key | KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols are compounds containing a secondary alcohol functional group, with the general structure HOC(R)(R') (R,R'=alkyl, aryl). |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic oxygen compounds |
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Class | Organooxygen compounds |
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Sub Class | Alcohols and polyols |
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Direct Parent | Secondary alcohols |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Secondary alcohol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | |
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Disposition | |
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Process | |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Liquid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 1000 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | 0.05 | HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedMetabolite | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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Isopropyl alcohol | CC(C)O | 862.3 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Isopropyl alcohol | CC(C)O | 473.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Isopropyl alcohol | CC(C)O | 460.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 |
Derivatized |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-b56f808ef55c854e8324 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-f68d78a99d0ee77081c8 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-a1c27780d39325f67c84 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-40a45591af6378500aeb | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-2261ea7d03d835d46644 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-3c81c56ab53eb5aaa2ec | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-7936ed4d93d5699b0366 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-b56f808ef55c854e8324 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-f68d78a99d0ee77081c8 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-a1c27780d39325f67c84 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-40a45591af6378500aeb | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-2261ea7d03d835d46644 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-3c81c56ab53eb5aaa2ec | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-9000000000-7936ed4d93d5699b0366 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0006-9000000000-026d02184beec46b90cc | 2016-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-010c-9200000000-82e9183374d718888481 | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-0002-9000000000-8f0393a68e54e5668638 | 2014-09-20 | Not Available | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-03di-9000000000-958007b112253f530fa1 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-03dl-9000000000-eec0fd84c38e3cc2fb7d | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-03di-9000000000-e524005ac3e29f5e6e60 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6M) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-9000000000-b56f808ef55c854e8324 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (JEOL JMS-D-3000) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-9000000000-2261ea7d03d835d46644 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (HITACHI M-80B) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-9000000000-3c81c56ab53eb5aaa2ec | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-9000000000-7936ed4d93d5699b0366 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-03di-9000000000-52e1a906e58615d920fd | 2015-04-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-03di-9000000000-e66cba449fc3e39cabcb | 2015-04-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-34d2b3ce7e4949d6207e | 2015-04-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-06d1878fb0f08269b040 | 2015-04-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-a3c0cec1f0523a5089d6 | 2015-04-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-b7cef7808f5c6bfd85c9 | 2015-04-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-28b1a4f33a69b25b3b12 | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-28b1a4f33a69b25b3b12 | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-c6a8f10b148e0b66c2de | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-5381c9dfee7dd1735ffd | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-469388653449614be285 | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isopropyl alcohol 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-8d43c0c8144267964937 | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-04 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Breath
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Saliva
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | - Epidermis
- Pancreas
- Platelet
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 83.3 +/- 132.8 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 22 +/- 56 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 9.71 +/- 4.20 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 3.702 +/- 1.911 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 4.7 (4.2) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Down syndrome pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 6.1 (5.3) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 16.5 +/- 22.5 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Heart Transplant | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 5.9 (4.1) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Early preeclampsia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 38.4 (98.8) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 8000.0 (7000.0-18000.0) uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Isopropyl alcohol poisoning | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 536.0 (66.0-1648.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Alcohol intoxication | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 10.7 (4.6) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Late-onset preeclampsia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 7.7 (4.8) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Breath | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Asthma | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Crohns disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Campylobacter jejuni infection | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Clostridium difficile infection | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative Colitis | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 43.374 +/- 47.41 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Isopropyl alcohol poisoning |
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- Vicas IM, Beck R: Fatal inhalational isopropyl alcohol poisoning in a neonate. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1993;31(3):473-81. [PubMed:8355323 ]
| Alcoholism |
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- Jones AW, Lund M, Andersson E: Drinking drivers in Sweden who consume denatured alcohol preparations: an analytical-toxicological study. J Anal Toxicol. 1989 Jul-Aug;13(4):199-203. [PubMed:2779169 ]
| Early preeclampsia |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
| Pregnancy |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ]
| Late-onset preeclampsia |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
| Asthma |
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- Dragonieri S, Schot R, Mertens BJ, Le Cessie S, Gauw SA, Spanevello A, Resta O, Willard NP, Vink TJ, Rabe KF, Bel EH, Sterk PJ: An electronic nose in the discrimination of patients with asthma and controls. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Oct;120(4):856-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.05.043. Epub 2007 Jul 20. [PubMed:17658592 ]
| Ulcerative colitis |
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- Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, White P, Spencer R, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM: Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007 Jun;21(8):1675-88. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [PubMed:17314143 ]
- Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25. [PubMed:26806034 ]
| Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
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- Raman M, Ahmed I, Gillevet PM, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM, Smith S, Greenwood R, Sikaroodi M, Lam V, Crotty P, Bailey J, Myers RP, Rioux KP: Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jul;11(7):868-75.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.02.015. Epub 2013 Feb 27. [PubMed:23454028 ]
| Crohn's disease |
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- Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25. [PubMed:26806034 ]
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB02325 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB008282 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00048438 |
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Chemspider ID | 3644 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C01845 |
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BioCyc ID | ISO-PROPANOL |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Isopropyl_Alcohol |
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METLIN ID | 4192 |
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PubChem Compound | 3776 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 17824 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000269 |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Gu, Xiaoyan; Wu, Xiaolan; Ma, Guangyu. Process for preparation of hyper pure isopropyl alcohol. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2005), 6 pp. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Lindberg M, Farm G, Scheynius A: Differential effects of sodium lauryl sulphate and non-anoic acid on the expression of CD1a and ICAM-1 in human epidermis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1991;71(5):384-8. [PubMed:1684465 ]
- Lee CK, Ho PL, Chan NK, Mak A, Hong J, Lin CK: Impact of donor arm skin disinfection on the bacterial contamination rate of platelet concentrates. Vox Sang. 2002 Oct;83(3):204-8. [PubMed:12366760 ]
- Specht C, Stoye I, Muller-Goymann CC: Comparative investigations to evaluate the use of organotypic cultures of transformed and native dermal and epidermal cells for permeation studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1998 Nov;46(3):273-8. [PubMed:9885298 ]
- Zesch A, Schaefer H: [On interactions of drugs on and in the skin/comparative studies on the mutual influences of ethyleneglycol-monosalicylate and benzylnicotinate (author's transl)]. Derm Beruf Umwelt. 1981;29(6):161-7. [PubMed:7338200 ]
- Authors unspecified: NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1-Chloro-2-propanol (Technical Grade) (CAS NO. 127-00-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies. Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 1998 Sep;477:1-264. [PubMed:12571686 ]
- Liu P, Bergstrom TK: Quantitative evaluation of aqueous isopropyl alcohol enhancement on skin flux of terbutaline (sulfate). 2. Permeability contributions of equilibrated drug species across human skin in vitro. J Pharm Sci. 1996 Mar;85(3):320-5. [PubMed:8699337 ]
- Froman RD, Owen SV, Murphy C: Isopropyl pad use in neonatal intensive care units. J Perinatol. 1998 May-Jun;18(3):216-20. [PubMed:9659653 ]
- Bailey DG, Wilson TW, Johnson GE: A gas chromatographic method for measuring 6-mercaptopurine in serum. J Chromatogr. 1975 Sep 3;111(2):305-11. [PubMed:1159009 ]
- Abdashirova NF: [Peculiarities of alternations in free radical oxidation in blood of humans contacting ozone at work]. Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 1999;33(1):38-41. [PubMed:10330571 ]
- Wittmann S, Gilg T, Dietz HG, Grantzow R, Peschel O, von Meyer L: [Isopropanol and acetone level in serum after preoperative surface disinfection with antiseptics containing isopropanol]. Blutalkohol. 1992 Sep;29(5):326-35. [PubMed:1389018 ]
- Anderson LM, Koseniauskas R, Burak ES, Moskal TJ, Gombar CT, Phillips JM, Sansone EB, Keimig S, Magee PN, Rice JM, et al.: Reduced blood clearance and increased urinary excretion of N-nitrosodimethylamine in patas monkeys exposed to ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. Cancer Res. 1992 Mar 15;52(6):1463-8. [PubMed:1540953 ]
- Jones AE, Summers RL: Detection of isopropyl alcohol in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Emerg Med. 2000 Aug;19(2):165-8. [PubMed:10903466 ]
- George HA, Johnson JL, Moore WE, Holdeman LV, Chen JS: Acetone, Isopropanol, and Butanol Production by Clostridium beijerinckii (syn. Clostridium butylicum) and Clostridium aurantibutyricum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Mar;45(3):1160-3. [PubMed:16346237 ]
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