| Record Information |
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| Version | 5.0 |
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| Status | Detected and Quantified |
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| Creation Date | 2006-08-16 13:35:56 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:49:09 UTC |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB0001349 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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| Metabolite Identification |
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| Common Name | Selenium |
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| Description | Selenium-dependent enzymes and selenoprotein P regulate immune and endothelial cell function. (PMID: 16607122 ). Thyroid hormone synthesis, metabolism and action require adequate availability of the essential trace elements iodine and selenium, which affect homeostasis of thyroid hormone-dependent metabolic pathways. The three selenocysteine-containing iodothyronine deiodinases constitute a novel gene family. Selenium is retained and deiodinase expression is maintained at almost normal levels in the thyroid gland, the brain and several other endocrine tissues during selenium deficiency, thus guaranteeing adequate local and systemic levels of the active thyroid hormone T(3). (PMID: 16131327 ). The trace element nutrient selenium (Se) discharges its well-known nutritional antioxidant activity through the Se-dependent glutathione peroxidases. It also regulates nuclear factor activities by redox mechanisms through the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductases. Converging data from epidemiological, ecological, and clinical studies have shown that Se can decrease the risk for some types of human cancers, especially those of the prostate, lung, and colon. Mechanistic studies have indicated that the methylselenol metabolite pool has many desirable attributes of chemoprevention, targeting both cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells, whereas the hydrogen selenide pool in excess of selenoprotein synthesis can lead to DNA single strand breaks, which may be mediated by some reactive oxygen species. (PMID: 16356132 ). SePP (selenoprotein P) is the major transporter of Se in the serum. Moreover, in the sanctuary area of the brain, SePP was shown to play a hitherto unexpected role as a local Se storage and recycling protein that directly maintains brain Se levels. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. The function of Se is important in normal brain metabolism, redox regulation, antioxidant defenses, thyroid hormone metabolism and the development of neurodegenerative conditions. (PMID: 15720294 ). In areas where soils are low in bioavailable selenium (Se), potential Se deficiencies cause health risks for humans. (PMID: 16028492 ) Dietary selenium comes from cereals, meat, fish, and eggs. The recommended dietary allowance for adults is 55 micrograms per day. |
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| Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Value | Source |
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| Se(2+) | ChEBI | | Se2+ | ChEBI | | Selenium dication | ChEBI | | Selanediide | HMDB | | Selenide | HMDB | | Selenide(2-) | HMDB | | Selenium ion (se2+) | HMDB |
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| Chemical Formula | Se |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 78.96 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 79.916521828 |
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| IUPAC Name | selandiylium |
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| Traditional Name | selandiylium |
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| CAS Registry Number | 7782-49-2 |
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| SMILES | [Se++] |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/Se/q+2 |
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| InChI Key | MFSBVGSNNPNWMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. These are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of 'other non-metals'. |
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| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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| Super Class | Homogeneous non-metal compounds |
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| Class | Homogeneous other non-metal compounds |
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| Sub Class | Not Available |
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| Direct Parent | Homogeneous other non-metal compounds |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | - Homogeneous other non metal
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Ontology |
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| Physiological effect | Not Available |
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| Disposition | Biological locationSourceExogenousFoodAnimal originVegetableFruitHerb and spiceNutCereal and cereal productPulseGourdSoyTeaBeverageAquatic originEggConfectioneryMilk and milk productOther milk productFermented milkFermented milk productUnfermented milk- Milk (Other mammals) (FooDB: FOOD00690)
- Milk (Human) (FooDB: FOOD00666)
- Milk (Cow) (FooDB: FOOD00618)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat (FooDB: FOOD00889)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat (FooDB: FOOD00890)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat (FooDB: FOOD00891)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat (FooDB: FOOD00892)
Fat and oilCocoa and cocoa productBaking goodBaby foodUnclassified food or beverageDishCoffee and coffee productSnack |
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| Process | |
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| Role | |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Experimental Molecular Properties | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Melting Point | 221 °C | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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| Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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| Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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| Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatized |
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| General References | - Chuang IC, Lee PN, Lin TH, Chen GS: Determination of some elements in the cervical mucus of healthy Taiwanese women, by GF-AAS. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2002 May;86(2):137-43. [PubMed:12008976 ]
- Al-Kunani AS, Knight R, Haswell SJ, Thompson JW, Lindow SW: The selenium status of women with a history of recurrent miscarriage. BJOG. 2001 Oct;108(10):1094-7. [PubMed:11702843 ]
- Karita K, Suzuki T: Fish eating and variations in selenium and mercury levels in plasma and erythrocytes in free-living healthy Japanese men. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2002 Winter;90(1-3):71-81. [PubMed:12666827 ]
- Holben DH, Smith AM, Ilich JZ, Landoll JD, Holcomb JP, Matkovic V: Selenium intakes, absorption, retention, and status in adolescent girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Aug;102(8):1082-7. [PubMed:12171452 ]
- Raghunath R, Tripathi RM, Mahapatra S, Sadasivan S: Selenium levels in biological matrices in adult population of Mumbai, India. Sci Total Environ. 2002 Feb 21;285(1-3):21-7. [PubMed:11874044 ]
- Dawson EB, Albers JH, McGanity WJ: The apparent effect of iron supplementation on serum selenium levels in teenage pregnancy. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2000 Dec;77(3):209-17. [PubMed:11204463 ]
- Jablonska-Kaszewska I, Swiatkowska-Stodulska R, Lukasiak J, Dejneka W, Dorosz A, Dabrowska E, Falkiewicz B: Serum selenium levels in alcoholic liver disease. Med Sci Monit. 2003 Aug;9 Suppl 3:15-8. [PubMed:15156604 ]
- Orhan H, Evelo CT, Sahin G: Erythrocyte antioxidant defense response against cigarette smoking in humans--the glutathione S-transferase vulnerability. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2005;19(4):226-33. [PubMed:16173057 ]
- Spallholz JE, Boylan LM, Palace V, Chen J, Smith L, Rahman MM, Robertson JD: Arsenic and selenium in human hair: a comparison of five countries with and without arsenicosis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2005 Aug;106(2):133-44. [PubMed:16116245 ]
- Hac E, Krechniak J, Szyszko M: Selenium levels in human plasma and hair in northern Poland. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2002 Mar;85(3):277-85. [PubMed:11934251 ]
- Wasowicz W, Gromadzinska J, Szram K, Rydzynski K, Cieslak J, Pietrzak Z: Selenium, zinc, and copper concentrations in the blood and milk of lactating women. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 Mar;79(3):221-33. [PubMed:11354347 ]
- Burk RF, Hill KE: Selenoprotein P: an extracellular protein with unique physical characteristics and a role in selenium homeostasis. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:215-35. [PubMed:16011466 ]
- Karita K, Sasaki S, Ishihara J, Tsugane S: Validity of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire used in the 5-year follow-up survey of the JPHC Study to assess selenium intake: comparison with dietary records and blood levels. J Epidemiol. 2003 Jan;13(1 Suppl):S92-7. [PubMed:12701635 ]
- Diaz Romero C, Lopez Blanco F, Henriquez Sanchez P, Rodriguez E, Serra Majem L: Serum selenium concentration in a representative sample of the Canarian population. Sci Total Environ. 2001 Mar 26;269(1-3):65-73. [PubMed:11305344 ]
- Hawkes WC, Turek PJ: Effects of dietary selenium on sperm motility in healthy men. J Androl. 2001 Sep-Oct;22(5):764-72. [PubMed:11545288 ]
- Wang Z, Liu S, Wang J: [Changes of selenium concentration in blood and placenta in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2000 Aug;35(8):476-8. [PubMed:11776202 ]
- Arnaud J, Malvy D, Richard MJ, Faure H, Chaventre A: Selenium status in an iodine deficient population of the West Ivory Coast. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2001 Mar;20(2):81-4. [PubMed:11385942 ]
- Van Dael P, Davidsson L, Ziegler EE, Fay LB, Barclay D: Comparison of selenite and selenate apparent absorption and retention in infants using stable isotope methodology. Pediatr Res. 2002 Jan;51(1):71-5. [PubMed:11756642 ]
- Sun Y, Li HZ: Determination of trace selenium in human plasma and hair with ternary inclusion compound-fluorescent spectrophotometry. Analyst. 2000 Dec;125(12):2326-9. [PubMed:11219076 ]
- Xu D, Ong C, Shen H: [The associations between concentration of selenium in semen and sperm parameters as well as oxidative DNA damage in human sperm]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2001 Nov;35(6):394-6. [PubMed:11840768 ]
- Angstwurm MW, Gaertner R: Practicalities of selenium supplementation in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006 May;9(3):233-8. [PubMed:16607122 ]
- Kohrle J: Selenium and the control of thyroid hormone metabolism. Thyroid. 2005 Aug;15(8):841-53. [PubMed:16131327 ]
- Lu J, Jiang C: Selenium and cancer chemoprevention: hypotheses integrating the actions of selenoproteins and selenium metabolites in epithelial and non-epithelial target cells. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005 Nov-Dec;7(11-12):1715-27. [PubMed:16356132 ]
- Richardson DR: More roles for selenoprotein P: local selenium storage and recycling protein in the brain. Biochem J. 2005 Mar 1;386(Pt 2):e5-7. [PubMed:15720294 ]
- Hartikainen H: Biogeochemistry of selenium and its impact on food chain quality and human health. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2005;18(4):309-18. [PubMed:16028492 ]
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