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Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Biological properties Concentrations Links References enzymes (102)transporters (8) Show 110 proteins XML

enzymes (102)transporters (8) Show 110 proteins

Record Information

Version

5.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2006-08-15 20:10:24 UTC

Update Date

2022-03-07 02:49:02 UTC

HMDB ID

HMDB0000492

Secondary Accession Numbers

HMDB0002073
HMDB00492
HMDB02073

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Chloride ion

Description

Under standard conditions, chlorine exists as a diatomic molecule. Chlorine is a highly toxic, pale yellow-green gas that has a specific strong smell. In nature, chlorine is most abundant as a chloride ion. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. The chloride ion is an essential anion that the body needs for many critical functions. It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl- into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. Chloride-transporting proteins (CLC) play fundamental roles in many tissues in the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular membranes. CLC proteins form a gene family that comprises nine members in mammals, at least four of which are involved in human genetic diseases. GABA(A) receptors are pentameric complexes that function as ligand-gated chloride ion channels. WNK kinases are a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, and they are found in diverse epithelia throughout the body that are involved in chloride ion flux. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. (PMID: 17539703 , 17729441 , 17562499 , 15300163 ) (For a complete review see Evans, Richard B. Chlorine: state of the art. Lung (2005), 183(3), 151-167. PMID: 16078037 ).

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

View in JSmol View Stereo Labels

Synonyms

Value	Source
Chloride(1-)	ChEBI
Chlorine anion	ChEBI
CL(-)	ChEBI
Chloride	Kegg
Bertholite	HMDB
Chloor	HMDB
Chlor	HMDB
Chlore	HMDB
Chlorine	HMDB
Chlorine gas	HMDB
Cl	HMDB
Cl2	HMDB
Diatomic chlorine	HMDB
Dichlorine	HMDB
Molecular chlorine	HMDB
Chloride ion level	HMDB
Ion level, chloride	HMDB
Chlorides	HMDB
Level, chloride ion	HMDB
MSR-1 Protein, nicotiana plumbaginifolia	HMDB
PLS216 Protein, nicotiana plumbaginifolia	HMDB

Chemical Formula

Average Molecular Weight

35.453

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

34.968852707

IUPAC Name

chloride

Traditional Name

chloride

CAS Registry Number

16887-00-6

SMILES

[Cl-]

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/ClH/h1H/p-1

InChI Key

VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous halogens. These are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom is a nobel gas.

Kingdom

Inorganic compounds

Super Class

Homogeneous non-metal compounds

Class

Homogeneous halogens

Sub Class

Not Available

Direct Parent

Homogeneous halogens

Alternative Parents

Not Available

Substituents

Homogeneous halogen

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

halide anion (CHEBI:17996 )
monoatomic chlorine (CHEBI:17996 )
an anion (CL- )

Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Liquid

Experimental Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	-101 °C	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	6.3 mg/mL at 25 °C	Not Available
LogP	Not Available	Not Available

Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Not Available

Predicted Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	0.61	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	-7	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	ChemAxon
Refractivity	5.62 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	2.39 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

Predictor	Adduct Type	CCS Value (Å²)	Reference
DeepCCS	[M+H]+	112.576	30932474
DeepCCS	[M-H]-	110.82	30932474
DeepCCS	[M-2H]-	146.118	30932474
DeepCCS	[M+Na]+	119.571	30932474

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

Metabolite	SMILES	Kovats RI Value	Column Type	Reference
Chloride ion	[Cl-]	692.5	Standard polar	33892256
Chloride ion	[Cl-]	241.4	Standard non polar	33892256
Chloride ion	[Cl-]	95.8	Semi standard non polar	33892256

Spectra

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	Source	View
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 40V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-00di-0009000000-6fb9c471131023c432df	2021-09-20	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 30V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-00di-0009000000-81a678b03172c0d73abf	2021-09-20	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 10V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-00di-0009000000-5df8560ed945712b8481	2021-09-20	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 20V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-00di-0009000000-80bd16051562ea5ee2b7	2021-09-20	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 50V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-0009000000-cf0884f0a8324da15f74	2021-09-20	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 10V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-000i-9000000000-c4fb3d037fe2e74c2a5e	2015-09-15	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 20V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-000i-9000000000-c4fb3d037fe2e74c2a5e	2015-09-15	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 40V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-000i-9000000000-c4fb3d037fe2e74c2a5e	2015-09-15	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 10V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-001i-9000000000-d488e6da5c7ecb77869a	2015-09-15	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 20V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-001i-9000000000-d488e6da5c7ecb77869a	2015-09-15	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 40V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-001i-9000000000-d488e6da5c7ecb77869a	2015-09-15	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 10V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-001i-9000000000-c2fa753da65a4bac80a1	2021-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 20V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-001i-9000000000-c2fa753da65a4bac80a1	2021-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chloride ion 40V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-001i-9000000000-c2fa753da65a4bac80a1	2021-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Saliva
Sweat
Urine

Tissue Locations

All Tissues

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank	KEGG
Kidney Function		Not Available
Glucose Transporter Defect (SGLT2)		Not Available
Hartnup Disorder		Not Available
Iminoglycinuria		Not Available
Lysinuric Protein Intolerance		Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	94000-104000 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	9600966	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	99000-109000 uM	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	18310267	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	94000-109000 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	11113072	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	95000-105000 uM	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	26069767	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	97000-110000 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	27120771	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	98000-107000 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Vancouver Co...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	110000.0 +/- 4500.0 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	103200.0 +/- 2640.0 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	103700.0 +/- 1900.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	0.06 +/- 0.08 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	62510 +/- 73440 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	57800 +/- 73110 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	63230 +/- 75710 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	57630 +/- 74070 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	64740 +/- 71350 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	63930 +/- 55770 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	59550 +/- 59390 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	550-730 umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	11113072	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	8881.6 (5263.2-17763.2) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details

Abnormal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	96000 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency	27476613	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	87000 (74000-95000) uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Bartter Syndrome, Type 3	28381550	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	110000 uM	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Both	Renal tubular acidosis, distal, RTA type 1	9600966	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	102000-140000 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Renal tubular acidosis, distal, RTA type 1	9600966	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	110000-116000 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Renal tubular acidosis, distal, RTA type 1	9600966	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	111000-114000 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Renal tubular acidosis, distal, RTA type 1	9600966	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	94000-116000 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Renal tubular acidosis, distal, RTA type 1	9600966	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	96000-100000 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Primary Hypomagnesemia	10337938	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	86000-87000 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Female	Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness	18310267	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	101000 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Female	Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness	18310267	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	81000-97000 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness	18310267	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	108000-115000 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Congenital secretory diarrhea	11113072	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	69900 (53000-88000) uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Congenital chloride diarrhea	2651131	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	86000 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Female	Bartter Syndrome, Type 2, Antenatal	26069767	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	84000-100000 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Bartter Syndrome, Type 5, Antenatal, Transient	27120771	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	84000 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Female	Bartter Syndrome, Type 1, Antenatal	17998760	details
Sweat	Detected and Quantified	12800 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Dibasic Amino Aciduria I	5727921	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	2200-3970 umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Congenital secretory diarrhea	11113072	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	6167.790-7991.801 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Primary Hypomagnesemia	10337938	details

Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease References

Renal tubular acidosis, distal, RTA type 1
Karet FE, Gainza FJ, Gyory AZ, Unwin RJ, Wrong O, Tanner MJ, Nayir A, Alpay H, Santos F, Hulton SA, Bakkaloglu A, Ozen S, Cunningham MJ, di Pietro A, Walker WG, Lifton RP: Mutations in the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger gene AE1 cause autosomal dominant but not autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 May 26;95(11):6337-42. [PubMed:9600966 ]
Primary hypomagnesemia
Jin-no Y, Kamiya Y, Okada M, Hirako M, Takada N, Kawaguchi M: Primary hypomagnesemia caused by isolated magnesium malabsorption: atypical case in adult. Intern Med. 1999 Mar;38(3):261-5. [PubMed:10337938 ]
Bartter Syndrome, Type 1, Antenatal
Adachi M, Asakura Y, Sato Y, Tajima T, Nakajima T, Yamamoto T, Fujieda K: Novel SLC12A1 (NKCC2) mutations in two families with Bartter syndrome type 1. Endocr J. 2007 Dec;54(6):1003-7. Epub 2007 Nov 12. [PubMed:17998760 ]
Bartter Syndrome, Type 2, Antenatal
Chan WK, To KF, Tong JH, Law CW: Paradoxical hypertension and salt wasting in Type II Bartter syndrome. Clin Kidney J. 2012 Jun;5(3):217-20. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfs026. Epub 2012 Mar 29. [PubMed:26069767 ]
Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
Guven A, Polat S: Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumor in Two Brothers with a Novel Mutation in the 3-Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-2 Gene. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2017 Mar 1;9(1):85-90. doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.3306. Epub 2016 Jul 29. [PubMed:27476613 ]
Bartter Syndrome, Type 3
Seys E, Andrini O, Keck M, Mansour-Hendili L, Courand PY, Simian C, Deschenes G, Kwon T, Bertholet-Thomas A, Bobrie G, Borde JS, Bourdat-Michel G, Decramer S, Cailliez M, Krug P, Cozette P, Delbet JD, Dubourg L, Chaveau D, Fila M, Jourde-Chiche N, Knebelmann B, Lavocat MP, Lemoine S, Djeddi D, Llanas B, Louillet F, Merieau E, Mileva M, Mota-Vieira L, Mousson C, Nobili F, Novo R, Roussey-Kesler G, Vrillon I, Walsh SB, Teulon J, Blanchard A, Vargas-Poussou R: Clinical and Genetic Spectrum of Bartter Syndrome Type 3. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Aug;28(8):2540-2552. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2016101057. Epub 2017 Apr 5. [PubMed:28381550 ]
Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness
Nozu K, Inagaki T, Fu XJ, Nozu Y, Kaito H, Kanda K, Sekine T, Igarashi T, Nakanishi K, Yoshikawa N, Iijima K, Matsuo M: Molecular analysis of digenic inheritance in Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness. J Med Genet. 2008 Mar;45(3):182-6. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2007.052944. [PubMed:18310267 ]
Congenital secretory diarrhea
Muller T, Wijmenga C, Phillips AD, Janecke A, Houwen RH, Fischer H, Ellemunter H, Fruhwirth M, Offner F, Hofer S, Muller W, Booth IW, Heinz-Erian P: Congenital sodium diarrhea is an autosomal recessive disorder of sodium/proton exchange but unrelated to known candidate genes. Gastroenterology. 2000 Dec;119(6):1506-13. [PubMed:11113072 ]
Congenital chloride diarrhea
Lubani MM, Doudin KI, Sharda DC, Shaltout AA, al-Shab TS, Abdul Al YK, Said MA, Salhi MM, Ahmed SA: Congenital chloride diarrhoea in Kuwaiti children. Eur J Pediatr. 1989 Jan;148(4):333-6. [PubMed:2651131 ]
Bartter Syndrome, Type 5, Antenatal, Transient
Laghmani K, Beck BB, Yang SS, Seaayfan E, Wenzel A, Reusch B, Vitzthum H, Priem D, Demaretz S, Bergmann K, Duin LK, Gobel H, Mache C, Thiele H, Bartram MP, Dombret C, Altmuller J, Nurnberg P, Benzing T, Levtchenko E, Seyberth HW, Klaus G, Yigit G, Lin SH, Timmer A, de Koning TJ, Scherjon SA, Schlingmann KP, Bertrand MJ, Rinschen MM, de Backer O, Konrad M, Komhoff M: Polyhydramnios, Transient Antenatal Bartter's Syndrome, and MAGED2 Mutations. N Engl J Med. 2016 May 12;374(19):1853-63. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1507629. Epub 2016 Apr 27. [PubMed:27120771 ]
Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I
Whelan DT, Scriver CR: Hyperdibasicaminoaciduria: an inherited disorder of amino acid transport. Pediatr Res. 1968 Nov;2(6):525-34. [PubMed:5727921 ]

Associated OMIM IDs

179800 (Renal tubular acidosis, distal, RTA type 1)
248250 (Primary hypomagnesemia)
601678 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 1, Antenatal)
241200 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 2, Antenatal)
201810 (Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency)
607364 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 3)
613090 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness)
270420 (Congenital secretory diarrhea)
214700 (Congenital chloride diarrhea)
300971 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 5, Antenatal, Transient)
222690 (Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I)

External Links

DrugBank ID

Not Available

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

FDB006557

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

Chemspider ID

KEGG Compound ID

BioCyc ID

BiGG ID

Wikipedia Link

METLIN ID

Not Available

PubChem Compound

312

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

17996

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

MarkerDB ID

MDB00013427

Good Scents ID

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Weber, Rainer; Bulan, Andreas; Haas, Michel; Warsitz, Rafael; Werner, Knud. Production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride and oxygen. PCT Int. Appl. (2007), 30pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 2007134861 A1 20071129 CAN 148:35931 AN 2007:1361621

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Download (PDF)

General References

Fainsinger RL: Palliative care in Edmonton. Support Care Cancer. 1995 Mar;3(2):91-2. [PubMed:7539703 ]
Zifarelli G, Pusch M: CLC chloride channels and transporters: a biophysical and physiological perspective. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 2007;158:23-76. [PubMed:17729441 ]
Tarran R, Donaldson S, Boucher RC: Rationale for hypertonic saline therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Jun;28(3):295-302. [PubMed:17562499 ]
Kahle KT, Wilson FH, Lalioti M, Toka H, Qin H, Lifton RP: WNK kinases: molecular regulators of integrated epithelial ion transport. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004 Sep;13(5):557-62. [PubMed:15300163 ]
Harrison NL: Mechanisms of sleep induction by GABA(A) receptor agonists. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68 Suppl 5:6-12. [PubMed:17539703 ]
Evans RB: Chlorine: state of the art. Lung. 2005 May-Jun;183(3):151-67. [PubMed:16078037 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 110 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters

Enzymes

Enzyme Details

1. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 3

General function:: Involved in protein methyltransferase activity
Specific function:: Methylates (mono and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in some proteins
Gene Name:: PRMT3
Uniprot ID:: O60678
Molecular weight:: 59902.7

Enzyme Details

2. Glutathione S-transferase theta-1

General function:: Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones
Specific function:: Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Acts on 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propane, phenethylisothiocyanate 4-nitrobenzyl chloride and 4-nitrophenethyl bromide. Displays glutathione peroxidase activity with cumene hydroperoxide.
Gene Name:: GSTT1
Uniprot ID:: P30711
Molecular weight:: 27334.755

Enzyme Details

3. Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1

General function:: Involved in protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Specific function:: Protein kinase that plays an important role in cellular stress response. Activates certain potassium, sodium, and chloride channels, suggesting an involvement in the regulation of processes such as cell survival, neuronal excitability and renal sodium excretion. Sustained high levels and activity may contribute to conditions such as hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. Mediates cell survival signals, phosphorylates and negatively regulates pro-apoptotic FOXO3A. Phosphorylates NEDD4L, which leads to its inactivation and to the subsequent activation of various channels and transporters such as ENaC, KCNA3/Kv1.3 or EAAT1. Isoform 2 exhibited a greater effect on cell plasma membrane expression of ENaC and Na(+) transport than isoform 1
Gene Name:: SGK1
Uniprot ID:: O00141
Molecular weight:: 48942.0

Enzyme Details

4. Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK4

General function:: Involved in protein kinase activity
Specific function:: Regulates the activity of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter, SLC12A3, by phosphorylation which appears to prevent membrane trafficking of SLC12A3. Also inhibits the renal K(+) channel, KCNJ1, via a kinase-independent mechanism by which it induces clearance of the protein from the cell surface by clathrin-dependent endocytosis. WNK4 appears to act as a molecular switch that can vary the balance between NaCl reabsorption and K(+) secretion to maintain integrated homeostasis
Gene Name:: WNK4
Uniprot ID:: Q96J92
Molecular weight:: 134737.7

Enzyme Details

5. Angiotensin-converting enzyme

General function:: Involved in metallopeptidase activity
Specific function:: Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. Has also a glycosidase activity which releases GPI-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moiety
Gene Name:: ACE
Uniprot ID:: P12821
Molecular weight:: 149713.7

Enzyme Details

6. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5

General function:: Involved in histone-arginine N-methyltransferase activity
Specific function:: Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA), with a preference for the formation of MMA. Specifically mediates the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins Sm D1 (SNRPD1) and Sm D3 (SNRPD3); such methylation being required for the assembly and biogenesis of snRNP core particles. Methylates SUPT5H. Mono- and dimethylates arginine residues of myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro. Plays a role in the assembly of snRNP core particles. May play a role in cytokine-activated transduction pathways. Negatively regulates cyclin E1 promoter activity and cellular proliferation. May regulate the SUPT5H transcriptional elongation properties. May be part of a pathway that is connected to a chloride current, possibly through cytoskeletal rearrangement. Methylates histone H2A and H4 'Arg-3' during germ cell development. Methylates histone H3 'Arg-8', which may repress transcription. Methylates the Piwi proteins (PIWIL1, PIWIL2 and PIWIL4), methylation of Piwi proteins being required for the interaction with Tudor domain-containing proteins and subsequent localization to the meiotic nuage. Methylates RPS10. Attenuates EGF signaling through the MAPK1/MAPK3 pathway acting at 2 levels. First, monomethylates EGFR; this enhances EGFR 'Tyr-1197' phosphorylation and PTPN6 recruitment, eventually leading to reduced SOS1 phosphorylation. Second, methylates RAF1 and probably BRAF, hence destabilizing these 2 signaling proteins and reducing their catalytic activity. Required for induction of E-selectin and VCAM-1, on the endothelial cells surface at sites of inflammation. Methylates HOXA9. Methylates and regulates SRGAP2 which is involved in cell migration and differentiation.
Gene Name:: PRMT5
Uniprot ID:: O14744
Molecular weight:: 71319.755

Enzyme Details

7. Alpha-amylase 1

General function:: Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:: Not Available
Gene Name:: AMY1A
Uniprot ID:: P04745
Molecular weight:: Not Available

Enzyme Details

8. Pancreatic alpha-amylase

General function:: Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:: Not Available
Gene Name:: AMY2A
Uniprot ID:: P04746
Molecular weight:: Not Available

Enzyme Details

9. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

General function:: Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:: Involved in the transport of chloride ions. May regulate bicarbonate secretion and salvage in epithelial cells by regulating the SLC4A7 transporter. Can inhibit the chloride channel activity of ANO1.
Gene Name:: CFTR
Uniprot ID:: P13569
Molecular weight:: 168139.895

Enzyme Details

10. Alpha-amylase 2B

General function:: Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:: Not Available
Gene Name:: AMY2B
Uniprot ID:: P19961
Molecular weight:: Not Available

Transporters

Enzyme Details

1. High affinity choline transporter 1

General function:: Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:: Imports choline from the extracellular space to the neuron with high affinity. Choline uptake is the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis. Sodium ion- and chloride ion-dependent.
Gene Name:: SLC5A7
Uniprot ID:: Q9GZV3
Molecular weight:: 63202.985

Enzyme Details

2. Solute carrier family 12 member 5

General function:: Involved in transport
Specific function:: Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport in mature neurons. Transport occurs under isotonic conditions, but is activated 20-fold by cell swelling. Important for Cl(-) homeostasis in neurons
Gene Name:: SLC12A5
Uniprot ID:: Q9H2X9
Molecular weight:: 126182.5

Enzyme Details

3. Solute carrier family 12 member 2

General function:: Involved in transport
Specific function:: Electrically silent transporter system. Mediates sodium and chloride reabsorption. Plays a vital role in the regulation of ionic balance and cell volume
Gene Name:: SLC12A2
Uniprot ID:: P55011
Molecular weight:: 131445.8

Enzyme Details

4. Solute carrier family 12 member 1

General function:: Involved in transport
Specific function:: Electrically silent transporter system. Mediates sodium and chloride reabsorption. Plays a vital role in the regulation of ionic balance and cell volume
Gene Name:: SLC12A1
Uniprot ID:: Q13621
Molecular weight:: 121449.1

Enzyme Details

5. Solute carrier family 12 member 4

General function:: Involved in transport
Specific function:: Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport when activated by cell swelling. May contribute to cell volume homeostasis in single cells. May be involved in the regulation of basolateral Cl(-) exit in NaCl absorbing epithelia. Isoform 4 has no transport activity
Gene Name:: SLC12A4
Uniprot ID:: Q9UP95
Molecular weight:: 120648.7

Enzyme Details

6. Solute carrier family 12 member 6

General function:: Involved in transport
Specific function:: Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport. May be activated by cell swelling. May contribute to cell volume homeostasis in single cells
Gene Name:: SLC12A6
Uniprot ID:: Q9UHW9
Molecular weight:: 127615.7

Enzyme Details

7. Solute carrier family 12 member 7

General function:: Involved in transport
Specific function:: Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport when activated by cell swelling. May mediate K(+) uptake into Deiters' cells in the cochlea and contribute to K(+) recycling in the inner ear. Important for the survival of cochlear outer and inner hair cells and the maintenance of the organ of Corti. May be required for basolateral Cl(-) extrusion in the kidney and contribute to renal acidification
Gene Name:: SLC12A7
Uniprot ID:: Q9Y666
Molecular weight:: 119104.8

Enzyme Details

8. Sodium-driven chloride bicarbonate exchanger

General function:: Involved in inorganic anion exchanger activity
Specific function:: Electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter in exchange for intracellular chloride. Plays an important role in regulating intracellular pH
Gene Name:: SLC4A10
Uniprot ID:: Q6U841
Molecular weight:: 125945.1

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 110 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters

Showing metabocard for Chloride ion (HMDB0000492)

MOL for HMDB0000492 (Chloride ion)

3D MOL for HMDB0000492 (Chloride ion)

3D SDF for HMDB0000492 (Chloride ion)

3D-SDF for HMDB0000492 (Chloride ion)

PDB for HMDB0000492 (Chloride ion)

3D PDB for HMDB0000492 (Chloride ion)

SMILES for HMDB0000492 (Chloride ion)

INCHI for HMDB0000492 (Chloride ion)

Structure for HMDB0000492 (Chloride ion)

3D Structure for HMDB0000492 (Chloride ion)

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MS/MS Spectra

Enzymes

Transporters