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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:49 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:18:12 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0014500
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB14500
Metabolite Identification
Common NameChlorzoxazone
DescriptionChlorzoxazone, also known as paraflex or parafon forte DSC, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoxazolones. These are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to an oxazole ring (a five-member aliphatic ring with three carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and one nitrogen atom) bearing a ketone group. Chlorzoxazone (INN) is a centrally acting muscle relaxant used to treat muscle spasm and the resulting pain or discomfort. Chlorzoxazone is a drug which is used for the relief of discomfort associated with acute painful musculoskeletal conditions. Search for the exact mechanism of action is ongoing but limited due to the existence of more-effective safe muscle relaxers (ex. diazepam, cyclobenzaprine, tizanidine) greatly limiting the potential benefit of identifying novel compounds which share chlorzoxazone's mechanism of action. It can also be administered for acute pain in general and for tension headache (muscle contraction headache). Chlorzoxazone is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). chlorzoxazone, with general central nervous system depression being the only currently accepted aspect to its medical benefits. As of 2015 the cost for a typical course of medication in the United States is less than US$25. It is sold under the trade names "'Lorzone'", Paraflex and Muscol and in combination form as Parafon Forte, a combination of chlorzoxazone and acetaminophen (paracetamol). Like metaxalone still in question however we now believe but it works on Serotonin levels and mild MAO inhibitor and with chlorzoaxazone, still In question but we think it works on Gaba-A & B mildly and Voltage calcium channels to a degree. Used with acetaminophen it has added risk of hepatoxicity, which is why the combination is not recommended.
Structure
Data?1676999892
Synonyms
ValueSource
2-Hydroxy-5-chlorobenzoxazoleChEBI
5-Chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazoloneChEBI
5-Chloro-2-benzoxazolinoneChEBI
5-Chloro-2-benzoxazololChEBI
5-Chloro-2-benzoxazoloneChEBI
5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoxazoleChEBI
5-ChlorobenzoxazolidoneChEBI
5-Chlorobenzoxazolin-2-oneChEBI
ChlorzoxaneChEBI
ChlorzoxazonaChEBI
ChlorzoxazonumChEBI
ParaflexKegg
ChloroxazoneHMDB
ChlorzoxazonHMDB
McNeil brand OF chlorzoxazoneHMDB
Ortho brand OF chlorzoxazoneHMDB
Parafon forte DSCHMDB
ParafonHMDB
Chemical FormulaC7H4ClNO2
Average Molecular Weight169.565
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight168.993056084
IUPAC Name5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one
Traditional Namechlorzoxazone
CAS Registry Number95-25-0
SMILES
ClC1=CC2=C(OC(=O)N2)C=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C7H4ClNO2/c8-4-1-2-6-5(3-4)9-7(10)11-6/h1-3H,(H,9,10)
InChI KeyTZFWDZFKRBELIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoxazolones. These are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to an oxazole ring (a five-member aliphatic ring with three carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and one nitrogen atom) bearing a ketone group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassBenzoxazoles
Sub ClassBenzoxazolones
Direct ParentBenzoxazolones
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Benzoxazolone
  • Aryl chloride
  • Aryl halide
  • Benzenoid
  • Azole
  • Oxazole
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Azacycle
  • Oxacycle
  • Organic oxide
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organochloride
  • Organohalogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point191.5 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility2.96 g/LNot Available
LogP1.6Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility2.96 g/LALOGPS
logP2.09ALOGPS
logP1.94ChemAxon
logS-1.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.39ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.2ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area38.33 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity41.07 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability14.94 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+133.76430932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-130.57930932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-167.50630932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+143.04430932474
AllCCS[M+H]+133.032859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+128.432859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+137.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+138.532859911
AllCCS[M-H]-127.632859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-128.432859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-129.432859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
ChlorzoxazoneClC1=CC2=C(OC(=O)N2)C=C12416.8Standard polar33892256
ChlorzoxazoneClC1=CC2=C(OC(=O)N2)C=C11655.2Standard non polar33892256
ChlorzoxazoneClC1=CC2=C(OC(=O)N2)C=C11746.7Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Chlorzoxazone,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)OC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C211706.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Chlorzoxazone,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)OC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C211663.2Standard non polar33892256
Chlorzoxazone,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)OC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C212096.7Standard polar33892256
Chlorzoxazone,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)OC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C211885.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Chlorzoxazone,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)OC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C211867.1Standard non polar33892256
Chlorzoxazone,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)OC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C212191.7Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-02t9-7900000000-bf1beeca5227a276a1a92017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-02t9-7900000000-bf1beeca5227a276a1a92018-05-18HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-014i-1900000000-77df83a0769511baeb962017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-0900000000-60a947f3a3a65702c43b2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-5049b81b3f21c51589732017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-c7ee77e191a097d4e0ba2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-00lr-0900000000-004a71f655e522e841de2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-4900000000-b7b03cbc9d434e2b03f22017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-003i-9100000000-8a0cf328f650c7cd47802017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone , positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-0900000000-60a947f3a3a65702c43b2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-0900000000-b157f14bda84940ce6f02016-06-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-0900000000-1160c69f5a00e22b993d2016-06-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0900000000-4ad343b03b4421d4d5ef2016-06-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-8f6b0f1e098737ec9a8b2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-77cf5afa849168e0d47c2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001l-2900000000-4530cefc3528a1ea69aa2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-17303fd327c77e9416c72021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014r-0900000000-ca9ae316c33b4d1331762021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-1900000000-71762abc7b749630bea62021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-0900000000-b64f4a6255327486b59a2021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-0900000000-57d2d934c4c43717f60c2021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Chlorzoxazone 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01ox-2900000000-e68db7b29f08e0ca69fe2021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00356 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00356 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00356
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID2632
KEGG Compound IDC07931
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkChlorzoxazone
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound2733
PDB IDCLW
ChEBI ID3655
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Dong DL, Luan Y, Feng TM, Fan CL, Yue P, Sun ZJ, Gu RM, Yang BF: Chlorzoxazone inhibits contraction of rat thoracic aorta. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Sep 18;545(2-3):161-6. Epub 2006 Jun 29. [PubMed:16859676 ]
  2. Wan J, Ernstgard L, Song BJ, Shoaf SE: Chlorzoxazone metabolism is increased in fasted Sprague-Dawley rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;58(1):51-61. [PubMed:16393464 ]
  3. Park JY, Kim KA, Park PW, Ha JM: Effect of high-dose aspirin on CYP2E1 activity in healthy subjects measured using chlorzoxazone as a probe. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;46(1):109-14. [PubMed:16397290 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
Gene Name:
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID:
P08684
Molecular weight:
57255.585
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms.
Gene Name:
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID:
P05181
Molecular weight:
56848.42
References
  1. Pelkonen O, Maenpaa J, Taavitsainen P, Rautio A, Raunio H: Inhibition and induction of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Xenobiotica. 1998 Dec;28(12):1203-53. [PubMed:9890159 ]
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
  3. Yasar U, Forslund-Bergengren C, Tybring G, Dorado P, Llerena A, Sjoqvist F, Eliasson E, Dahl ML: Pharmacokinetics of losartan and its metabolite E-3174 in relation to the CYP2C9 genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Jan;71(1):89-98. [PubMed:11823761 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
Gene Name:
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID:
P10635
Molecular weight:
55768.94
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
Gene Name:
CYP1A1
Uniprot ID:
P04798
Molecular weight:
58164.815
References
  1. Wiercinska P, Squires EJ: Chlorzoxazone metabolism by porcine cytochrome P450 enzymes and the effect of cytochrome b5. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 May;38(5):857-62. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.030528. Epub 2010 Feb 17. [PubMed:20164110 ]
  2. Warrington JS, Court MH, Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL: Phenacetin and chlorzoxazone biotransformation in aging male Fischer 344 rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004 Jun;56(6):819-25. [PubMed:15231049 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen. Participates in the bioactivation of carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Catalizes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin.
Gene Name:
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID:
P05177
Molecular weight:
58406.915
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. Possesses low phenacetin O-deethylation activity.
Gene Name:
CYP2A6
Uniprot ID:
P11509
Molecular weight:
56517.005
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in ion channel activity
Specific function:
Potassium channel activated by both membrane depolarization or increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) that mediates export of K(+). It is also activated by the concentration of cytosolic Mg(2+). Its activation dampens the excitatory events that elevate the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and/or depolarize the cell membrane. It therefore contributes to repolarization of the membrane potential. Plays a key role in controlling excitability in a number of systems, such as regulation of the contraction of smooth muscle, the tuning of hair cells in the cochlea, regulation of transmitter release, and innate immunity. In smooth muscles, its activation by high level of Ca(2+), caused by ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulates the membrane potential. In cochlea cells, its number and kinetic properties partly determine the characteristic frequency of each hair cell and thereby helps to establish a tonotopic map. Kinetics of KCNMA1 channels are determined by alternative splicing, phosphorylation status and its combination with modulating beta subunits. Highly sensitive to both iberiotoxin (IbTx) and charybdotoxin (CTX)
Gene Name:
KCNMA1
Uniprot ID:
Q12791
Molecular weight:
137558.1
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Dong DL, Luan Y, Feng TM, Fan CL, Yue P, Sun ZJ, Gu RM, Yang BF: Chlorzoxazone inhibits contraction of rat thoracic aorta. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Sep 18;545(2-3):161-6. Epub 2006 Jun 29. [PubMed:16859676 ]
  4. Alvina K, Khodakhah K: KCa channels as therapeutic targets in episodic ataxia type-2. J Neurosci. 2010 May 26;30(21):7249-57. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6341-09.2010. [PubMed:20505091 ]
  5. Syme CA, Gerlach AC, Singh AK, Devor DC: Pharmacological activation of cloned intermediate- and small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000 Mar;278(3):C570-81. [PubMed:10712246 ]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]

Transporters

General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells
Gene Name:
ABCB1
Uniprot ID:
P08183
Molecular weight:
141477.3
References
  1. Kim RB, Wandel C, Leake B, Cvetkovic M, Fromm MF, Dempsey PJ, Roden MM, Belas F, Chaudhary AK, Roden DM, Wood AJ, Wilkinson GR: Interrelationship between substrates and inhibitors of human CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 1999 Mar;16(3):408-14. [PubMed:10213372 ]