Hmdb loader
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:50 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:43 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0014737
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB14737
Metabolite Identification
Common NameThiopental
DescriptionThiopental, also known as (+-)-thiopental or penthiobarbital, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thiobarbituric acid derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione skeleton. Thiopental is a drug which is used for use as the sole anesthetic agent for brief (15 minute) procedures, for induction of anesthesia prior to administration of other anesthetic agents, to supplement regional anesthesia, to provide hypnosis during balanced anesthesia with other agents for analgesia or muscle relaxation, for the control of convulsive states during or following inhalation anesthesia or local anesthesia, in neurosurgical patients with increased intracranial pressure, and for narcoanalysis and narcosynthesis in psychiatric disorders. Thiopental is a primary metabolite. Primary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically essential metabolites. They are directly involved in an organism’s growth, development or reproduction. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Thiopental.
Structure
Data?1582753215
Synonyms
ValueSource
(+-)-ThiopentalChEBI
2-Thio-5-ethyl-5-sec-pentylbarbituric acidChEBI
5-Ethyl-5-(1-methyl-butyl)-2-thioxo-dihydro-pyrimidine-4,6-dioneChEBI
PenthiobarbitalChEBI
PentothiobarbitalChEBI
ThiopentobarbitalChEBI
ThiopentobarbitoneChEBI
Thiopentobarbituric acidChEBI
ThiopentoneChEBI
2-Thio-5-ethyl-5-sec-pentylbarbitateGenerator
2-Thio-5-ethyl-5-sec-pentylbarbitic acidGenerator
ThiopentobarbitateGenerator
Thiopentobarbitic acidGenerator
PentothalHMDB
ThiomebumalHMDB
ThionembutalHMDB
Altana pharma brand OF thiopental sodiumHMDB
Braun brand OF thiopental sodiumHMDB
NesdonalHMDB
Nycomed brand OF thiopental sodiumHMDB
Rhone merieux brand OF thiopental sodiumHMDB
Thiopental nycomedHMDB
Abbott brand OF thiopental sodiumHMDB
BomathalHMDB
Pharmtech brand OF thiopental sodiumHMDB
Pisa brand OF thiopental sodiumHMDB
Thiopental sodiumHMDB
Merial brand OF thiopental sodiumHMDB
Tiobarbital braunHMDB
Pentothal sodicoHMDB
SodipentalHMDB
TrapanalHMDB
Chemical FormulaC11H18N2O2S
Average Molecular Weight242.338
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight242.10889852
IUPAC Name5-ethyl-5-(pentan-2-yl)-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione
Traditional Namethiopental
CAS Registry Number76-75-5
SMILES
CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=S)NC1=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C11H18N2O2S/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16)
InChI KeyIUJDSEJGGMCXSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thiobarbituric acid derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione skeleton.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassDiazines
Sub ClassPyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives
Direct ParentThiobarbituric acid derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Thiobarbiturate
  • 1,3-diazinane
  • Thiourea
  • Azacycle
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organosulfur compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling Point295.00 to 296.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility0.04 g/LNot Available
LogP2.3Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.04 g/LALOGPS
logP3.05ALOGPS
logP2.78ChemAxon
logS-3.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)7.2ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area58.2 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity65.99 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability25.7 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+156.66931661259
DarkChem[M-H]-151.61231661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+156.02330932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-152.52130932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-188.97830932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+164.60630932474
AllCCS[M+H]+154.832859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+151.232859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+158.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+159.232859911
AllCCS[M-H]-158.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-158.932859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-159.932859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
ThiopentalCCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=S)NC1=O3481.7Standard polar33892256
ThiopentalCCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=S)NC1=O1791.8Standard non polar33892256
ThiopentalCCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=S)NC1=O1995.6Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Thiopental,1TMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C)C1=O1865.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Thiopental,1TMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C)C1=O2031.4Standard non polar33892256
Thiopental,1TMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C)C1=O2994.8Standard polar33892256
Thiopental,2TMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)C(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C)C1=O1865.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Thiopental,2TMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)C(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C)C1=O2046.7Standard non polar33892256
Thiopental,2TMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)C(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C)C1=O2500.6Standard polar33892256
Thiopental,1TBDMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=O2064.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Thiopental,1TBDMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=O2259.4Standard non polar33892256
Thiopental,1TBDMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=O3019.9Standard polar33892256
Thiopental,2TBDMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=O2284.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Thiopental,2TBDMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=O2480.0Standard non polar33892256
Thiopental,2TBDMS,isomer #1CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=S)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=O2620.7Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Thiopental GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00bc-9240000000-1417d556dd6b075ba8eb2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Thiopental GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Thiopental GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0596-9600000000-1b2c7562818b87a3dce12014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-2256e1984e122af286e52017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0090000000-c8a2b96397abdac51af02017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-4090000000-3397f51adf5ac5e267572017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9010000000-2049e4231607758473152017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-e858eafc5134f3cf550e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-aed0d4351672086bb8bf2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-aed0d4351672086bb8bf2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0090000000-0da49458314b6213fc562017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-4090000000-5e98b0adc2fa68ac83f32017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-35496d92c575e3289c202017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-aed0d4351672086bb8bf2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-e858eafc5134f3cf550e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-e858eafc5134f3cf550e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-2f4595765496ded39eec2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-1290000000-56a5ebd429075bcf94ed2016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01ox-1960000000-7b820ca9f1a89eb04af12016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01bc-9100000000-fd47f0d49141ce724db72016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0007-3980000000-015294919b010d9580512016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-5046a8c65e5598a590052016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9200000000-b61e997b758e9e8e7bde2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-0930000000-6c582f8c06229e7e804c2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-1930000000-f883235e554c70bfee482021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-05fs-4900000000-a6d44c5fa216c05bbc322021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0190000000-1e7490fbe84a7fcb8ef82021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Thiopental 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-052f-9000000000-ad244fddfe2755e5d1992021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00599 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00599 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00599
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID2272258
KEGG Compound IDC07521
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkSodium thiopental
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound3000715
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID102166
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDrw1621611
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Bory C, Chantin C, Boulieu R, Cotte J, Berthier JC, Fraisse D, Bobenrieth MJ: [Use of thiopental in man. Determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry]. C R Acad Sci III. 1986;303(1):7-12. [PubMed:3093002 ]
  2. Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ: Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section. Anesthesiology. 1981 Jun;54(6):474-80. [PubMed:7235275 ]
  3. WINTERS WD, SPECTOR E, WALLACH DP, SHIDEMAN FE: Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1955 Jul;114(3):343-57. [PubMed:13243246 ]
  4. Perez-Barcena J, Barcelo B, Homar J, Abadal JM, Molina FJ, de la Pena A, Sahuquillo J, Ibanez J: [Comparison of the effectiveness of pentobarbital and thiopental in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Preliminary report of 20 patients]. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2005 Feb;16(1):5-12; discussion 12-3. [PubMed:15756405 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 11 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
Gene Name:
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID:
P08684
Molecular weight:
57255.585
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms.
Gene Name:
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID:
P05181
Molecular weight:
56848.42
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific function:
Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L- glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist. May be involved in the transmission of light information from the retina to the hypothalamus. Modulates cell surface expression of NETO2
Gene Name:
GRIK2
Uniprot ID:
Q13002
Molecular weight:
102582.5
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [PubMed:11264449 ]
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [PubMed:10487207 ]
General function:
Involved in carbon-nitrogen ligase activity, with glutamine as amido-N-donor
Specific function:
Degrades bioactive fatty acid amides like oleamide, the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide and myristic amide to their corresponding acids, thereby serving to terminate the signaling functions of these molecules. Hydrolyzes polyunsaturated substrate anandamide preferentially as compared to monounsaturated substrates.
Gene Name:
FAAH
Uniprot ID:
O00519
Molecular weight:
63065.28
References
  1. Patel S, Wohlfeil ER, Rademacher DJ, Carrier EJ, Perry LJ, Kundu A, Falck JR, Nithipatikom K, Campbell WB, Hillard CJ: The general anesthetic propofol increases brain N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) content and inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Jul;139(5):1005-13. [PubMed:12839875 ]
  2. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
General function:
Involved in ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific function:
Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L- glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist
Gene Name:
GRIA2
Uniprot ID:
P42262
Molecular weight:
98820.3
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [PubMed:11264449 ]
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [PubMed:10487207 ]
General function:
Involved in ion transport
Specific function:
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel
Gene Name:
GABRA1
Uniprot ID:
P14867
Molecular weight:
51801.4
References
  1. Whiting PJ: The GABAA receptor gene family: new opportunities for drug development. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2003 Sep;6(5):648-57. [PubMed:14579514 ]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [PubMed:10209232 ]
  3. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [PubMed:11264449 ]
  4. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [PubMed:10487207 ]
  5. Grasshoff C, Netzhammer N, Schweizer J, Antkowiak B, Hentschke H: Depression of spinal network activity by thiopental: shift from phasic to tonic GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition. Neuropharmacology. 2008 Oct;55(5):793-802. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.026. Epub 2008 Jun 21. [PubMed:18619475 ]
General function:
Involved in ion transport
Specific function:
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel
Gene Name:
GABRA2
Uniprot ID:
P47869
Molecular weight:
51325.9
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [PubMed:11264449 ]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [PubMed:10209232 ]
General function:
Involved in ion transport
Specific function:
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel
Gene Name:
GABRA3
Uniprot ID:
P34903
Molecular weight:
55164.1
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [PubMed:11264449 ]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [PubMed:10209232 ]
General function:
Involved in ion transport
Specific function:
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel
Gene Name:
GABRA4
Uniprot ID:
P48169
Molecular weight:
61622.6
References
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [PubMed:10209232 ]
General function:
Involved in ion transport
Specific function:
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel
Gene Name:
GABRA5
Uniprot ID:
P31644
Molecular weight:
52145.6
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [PubMed:11264449 ]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [PubMed:10209232 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 11 proteins in total.