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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:52 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:52:01 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0015532
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB0001303
  • HMDB01303
  • HMDB15532
Metabolite Identification
Common NameZinc
DescriptionZinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. It is a trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, there are over a dozen cell types in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system, and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kill some organisms.
Structure
Data?1582753307
Synonyms
ValueSource
Dietary zincChEBI
Zinc cationChEBI
ZINC ionChEBI
Zinc, ion (ZN2+)ChEBI
ZN(II)ChEBI
ZN(2+)ChEBI
ZN2+ChEBI
Mannosidase b, alphaMeSH
alpha Mannosidase bMeSH
alpha-D-Mannoside mannohydrolaseMeSH
Neutral alpha-mannosidaseMeSH
alpha D MannosidaseMeSH
alpha-D-MannosidaseMeSH
Lysosomal alpha-mannosidaseMeSH
Mannohydrolase, alpha-D-mannosideMeSH
alpha MannosidaseMeSH
alpha-MannosidaseMeSH
LAMANMeSH
Lysosomal alpha mannosidaseMeSH
Neutral alpha mannosidaseMeSH
alpha D Mannoside mannohydrolaseMeSH
alpha-Mannosidase, lysosomalMeSH
alpha-Mannosidase, neutralMeSH
Topostin bMeSH
Chemical FormulaZn
Average Molecular Weight65.409
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight63.929146578
IUPAC Namezinc(2+) ion
Traditional Namezinc(2+) ion
CAS Registry Number7440-66-6
SMILES
[Zn++]
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/Zn/q+2
InChI KeyPTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom.
KingdomInorganic compounds
Super ClassHomogeneous metal compounds
ClassHomogeneous transition metal compounds
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentHomogeneous transition metal compounds
Alternative ParentsNot Available
Substituents
  • Homogeneous transition metal
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Naturally occurring process
Role
Biological roleIndustrial applicationEnvironmental role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point419.5 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP0.16ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.09ChemAxon
Physiological Charge2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity0 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability1.78 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
AllCCS[M+H]+137.832859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+133.532859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+141.932859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+143.132859911
AllCCS[M-H]-332.832859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-345.032859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-358.332859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Zinc[Zn++]702.3Standard polar33892256
Zinc[Zn++]261.5Standard non polar33892256
Zinc[Zn++]60.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Zinc 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-9000000000-0cd08967c771fb6453292015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Zinc 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-9000000000-0cd08967c771fb6453292015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Zinc 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-9000000000-0cd08967c771fb6453292015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Zinc 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-9000000000-29976d3ebd17b2d11a4b2015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Zinc 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-9000000000-29976d3ebd17b2d11a4b2015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Zinc 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-9000000000-29976d3ebd17b2d11a4b2015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified12.7 +/- 2.1 uMElderly (>65 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.08838(0.08087-0.09589) uMNot SpecifiedBothNormal
    • Report on Human B...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.10340(0.09964-0.10731) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Report on Human B...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified13.5 +/- 2.2 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified16.8 +/- 6.3 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified13.6 +/- 2.0 uMChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified14.2 (11.1 - 17.6) uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB01593 details
BloodDetected and Quantified13.0 (10.0 - 17.0) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified14.0 +/- 2.20 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified16.7 +/- 3.1 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified5.00-17.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified5.00-17.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified9.9 - 16.8 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified9.937-18.0403 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified3.1 +/- 3.1 uMElderly (>65 years old)BothNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.538 +/- 0.847 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.49 (0.37-0.60) uMChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.742 +/- 0.58 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.00015-0.00167 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.00043-0.00151 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.00041-0.00358 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.00024-0.00124 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.00024-0.00486 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.428-1.0702 uMChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal
    • Gian Paolo Sighin...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified133.315 +/- 115.428 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified123.989 +/- 212.662 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified2.905 +/- 0.612 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal
    • Natheer H. Al-Raw...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.206 +/- 0.187 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.162 +/- 0.225 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.176 +/- 0.0703 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.232 +/- 0.252 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.80291(0.67027-0.94439) umol/mmol creatinineNot SpecifiedBothNormal
    • Report on Human B...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.66850(0.48281-0.88426) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Report on Human B...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.460 (0.058-0.948) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.52 +/- 0.25 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
    • West Cadwell, N.J...
    • Basel, Switzerlan...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.35 +/- 0.20 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
    • West Cadwell, N.J...
    • Basel, Switzerlan...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.400-1.530 umol/mmol creatinineAdolescent (13-18 years old)MaleNormal details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB01593 details
UrineDetected and Quantified46.355 +/- 27.134 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.28 (0.34-3.94) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified152.884-1223.0733 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified10.7 +/- 1.8 uMElderly (>65 years old)BothAlzheimer's disease details
BloodDetected and Quantified12.0 +/- 1.5 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothChronic renal failure details
BloodDetected and Quantified12.4 +/- 2.7 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothContinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) details
BloodDetected and Quantified11.0 +/- 2.3 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHemodialysis details
BloodDetected and Quantified11.22 +/- 1.96 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothParkinson's disease details
BloodDetected and Quantified93.8 +/- 23.3 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothMultiple sclerosis details
BloodDetected and Quantified8.0 +/- 0.2 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Kidney disease
details
BloodDetected and Quantified14.9 +/- 5.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHypertension details
BloodDetected and Quantified150.927 uMChildren (1 - 13 years old)FemaleHyperzincaemia and Hypercalprotectinaemia details
BloodDetected and Quantified166-174.4 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)MaleHyperzincemia details
BloodDetected and Quantified3.516 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Male
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified1.6 +/- 1.6 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothAlzheimer's disease details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified1.83 +/- 1.38 uMElderly (>65 years old)Not SpecifiedAlzheimer's disease details
SalivaDetected and Quantified4.739 +/- 0.764 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedOral squamous cell carcinoma
    • Natheer H. Al-Raw...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified5.810 +/- 4.281 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Oral squamous cell carcinoma
    • Natheer H. Al-Raw...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified2.446 +/- 3.0577 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Oral squamous cell carcinoma
    • Natheer H. Al-Raw...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.6 umol/mmol creatinineAdolescent (13-18 years old)MaleHyperzincemia details
UrineDetected and Quantified11.619 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Male
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Kidney disease
  1. Paniagua R, Claure R, Amato D, Flores E, Perez A, Exaire E: Effects of oral administration of zinc and diiodohydroxyquinolein on plasma zinc levels of uremic patients. Nephron. 1995;69(2):147-50. [PubMed:7723896 ]
Multiple sclerosis
  1. Forte G, Visconti A, Santucci S, Ghazaryan A, Figa-Talamanca L, Cannoni S, Bocca B, Pino A, Violante N, Alimonti A, Salvetti M, Ristori G: Quantification of chemical elements in blood of patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):213-6. [PubMed:16244395 ]
Parkinson's disease
  1. Forte G, Alimonti A, Pino A, Stanzione P, Brescianini S, Brusa L, Sancesario G, Violante N, Bocca B: Metals and oxidative stress in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):189-95. [PubMed:16244392 ]
Chronic renal failure
  1. McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed:11380830 ]
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
  1. McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed:11380830 ]
Hemodialysis
  1. McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed:11380830 ]
Hypertension
  1. Wang S, Ma A, Song S, Quan Q, Zhao X, Zheng X: Fasting serum free fatty acid composition, waist/hip ratio and insulin activity in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res. 2008 Apr;31(4):623-32. doi: 10.1291/hypres.31.623. [PubMed:18633173 ]
Hyperzincaemia and hypercalprotectinaemia
  1. Isidor B, Poignant S, Corradini N, Fouassier M, Quartier P, Roth J, Picherot G: Hyperzincemia and hypercalprotectinemia: unsuccessful treatment with tacrolimus. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Feb;98(2):410-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01092.x. Epub 2008 Nov 4. [PubMed:18983438 ]
Alzheimer's disease
  1. Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Aguilar MV, Meseguer I, Mateos-Vega CJ, Gonzalez-Munoz MJ, de Bustos F, Porta J, Orti-Pareja M, Zurdo M, Barrios E, Martinez-Para MC: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of transition metals in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(4-5):479-88. [PubMed:9720975 ]
  2. Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Pino A, Marchione F, Bomboi G, Senofonte O, Giubilei F, Alimonti A: Monitoring of chemical elements and oxidative damage in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):197-203. [PubMed:16244393 ]
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
  1. Nistor N, Ciontu L, Frasinariu OE, Lupu VV, Ignat A, Streanga V: Acrodermatitis Enteropathica: A Case Report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 May;95(20):e3553. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003553. [PubMed:27196457 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB031256
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider IDNot Available
KEGG Compound IDC00038
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound32051
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID29105
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDZN2
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Rakicioglu N, Samur G, Topcu A, Topcu AA: The effect of Ramadan on maternal nutrition and composition of breast milk. Pediatr Int. 2006 Jun;48(3):278-83. [PubMed:16732795 ]
  2. Cominetti C, Garrido AB Jr, Cozzolino SM: Zinc nutritional status of morbidly obese patients before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a preliminary report. Obes Surg. 2006 Apr;16(4):448-53. [PubMed:16608609 ]
  3. Religa D, Strozyk D, Cherny RA, Volitakis I, Haroutunian V, Winblad B, Naslund J, Bush AI: Elevated cortical zinc in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006 Jul 11;67(1):69-75. [PubMed:16832080 ]
  4. Batista MN, Cuppari L, de Fatima Campos Pedrosa L, Almeida Md, de Almeida JB, de Medeiros AC, Canziani ME: Effect of end-stage renal disease and diabetes on zinc and copper status. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006 Jul;112(1):1-12. [PubMed:16943612 ]
  5. Scheplyagina LA: Impact of the mother's zinc deficiency on the woman's and newborn's health status. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2005;19(1):29-35. [PubMed:16240669 ]
  6. Mocchegiani E, Costarelli L, Giacconi R, Cipriano C, Muti E, Rink L, Malavolta M: Zinc homeostasis in aging: two elusive faces of the same "metal". Rejuvenation Res. 2006 Summer;9(2):351-4. [PubMed:16706668 ]
  7. de Sena KC, Arrais RF, das Gracas Almeida M, de Araujo DM, dos Santos MM, de Lima VT, de Fatima Campos Pedrosa L: Effects of zinc supplementation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2005 Summer;105(1-3):1-9. [PubMed:16034148 ]
  8. Tsuruoka S, Wakaumi M, Ioka T, Yamamoto H, Ando H, Sugimoto K, Fujimura A: Angiotensin II receptor blocker-induces blunted taste sensitivity: comparison of candesartan and valsartan. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Aug;60(2):204-7. [PubMed:16042674 ]
  9. Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA: Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005 Aug;15(4):619-27. [PubMed:16190793 ]
  10. An WL, Pei JJ, Nishimura T, Winblad B, Cowburn RF: Zinc-induced anti-apoptotic effects in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2005 Apr 27;135(1-2):40-7. Epub 2005 Jan 8. [PubMed:15857667 ]
  11. Shea-Budgell M, Dojka M, Nimmo M, Lee D, Xu Z: Marginal zinc deficiency increased the susceptibility to acute lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2006 May;231(5):553-8. [PubMed:16636303 ]
  12. Cutinha D, Vaja S, Treacher D, Swaminathan R: Erythrocyte zinc content in critically ill patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(9):930-3. [PubMed:16176172 ]
  13. Santarelli L, Di Lorenzo L, Valentino M, Bracci M, Rapisarda V, Cassano F, Elia G, Martino MG, Neri G, Apostoli P, Soleo L: [Reduced thymulin production during occupational exposure to lead]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2005 Jan-Mar;27 Suppl 1:68-72. [PubMed:15915658 ]
  14. Kaczmarek A, Robak-Cholubek D, Sowa I, Jakiel G: Comparison of the levels of copper, zinc and iron in cervical mucus and in blood serum of women of childbearing age. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med. 2004;59(1):72-5. [PubMed:16145958 ]
  15. Kouremenou-Dona E, Dona A, Papoutsis J, Spiliopoulou C: Copper and zinc concentrations in serum of healthy Greek adults. Sci Total Environ. 2006 Apr 15;359(1-3):76-81. Epub 2005 Jun 13. [PubMed:15955548 ]
  16. Mankad M, Sathawara NG, Doshi H, Saiyed HN, Kumar S: Seminal plasma zinc concentration and alpha-glucosidase activity with respect to semen quality. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006 May;110(2):97-106. [PubMed:16757839 ]
  17. Ishikawa Y, Kudo H, Kagawa Y, Sakamoto S: Increased plasma levels of zinc in obese adult females on a weight-loss program based on a hypocaloric balanced diet. In Vivo. 2005 Nov-Dec;19(6):1035-7. [PubMed:16277018 ]
  18. Skarupskiene I, Kuzminskis V, Abdrachmanovas O, Ryselis S, Smalinskiene A: [Zinc and aluminum concentrations in blood of hemodialysis patients and its impact on the frequency of infections]. Medicina (Kaunas). 2005;41 Suppl 1:65-8. [PubMed:15901979 ]
  19. Lukaski HC: Low dietary zinc decreases erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase activities and impairs cardiorespiratory function in men during exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1045-51. [PubMed:15883427 ]
  20. Gupta SK, Singh SP, Shukla VK: Copper, zinc, and Cu/Zn ratio in carcinoma of the gallbladder. J Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 1;91(3):204-8. [PubMed:16118778 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 83 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes a 2-step reaction, involving the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the covalently attached biotin in the first step and the transfer of the carboxyl group to pyruvate in the second. Catalyzes in a tissue specific manner, the initial reactions of glucose (liver, kidney) and lipid (adipose tissue, liver, brain) synthesis from pyruvate.
Gene Name:
PC
Uniprot ID:
P11498
Molecular weight:
129632.565
General function:
Involved in protein binding
Specific function:
May have a role in signal-induced cytoskeletal regulation and/or endocytosis (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PLD2
Uniprot ID:
O14939
Molecular weight:
104656.485
General function:
Involved in cobalamin binding
Specific function:
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methyl-cobalamin to homocysteine, yielding enzyme-bound cob(I)alamin and methionine. Subsequently, remethylates the cofactor using methyltetrahydrofolate (By similarity).
Gene Name:
MTR
Uniprot ID:
Q99707
Molecular weight:
140525.91
General function:
Involved in proteolysis
Specific function:
Broad specificity aminopeptidase. Plays a role in the final digestion of peptides generated from hydrolysis of proteins by gastric and pancreatic proteases. May play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease. May be involved in the metabolism of regulatory peptides of diverse cell types, responsible for the processing of peptide hormones, such as angiotensin III and IV, neuropeptides, and chemokines. Found to cleave antigen peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules of presenting cells and to degrade neurotransmitters at synaptic junctions. Is also implicated as a regulator of IL-8 bioavailability in the endometrium, and therefore may contribute to the regulation of angiogenesis. Is used as a marker for acute myeloid leukemia and plays a role in tumor invasion. In case of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) infection, serves as receptor for HCoV-229E spike glycoprotein. Mediates as well human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection.
Gene Name:
ANPEP
Uniprot ID:
P15144
Molecular weight:
Not Available
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols. Catalyzes the reduction of mevaldate to mevalonic acid and of glyceraldehyde to glycerol. Has broad substrate specificity. In vitro substrates include succinic semialdehyde, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 1,2-naphthoquinone, methylglyoxal, and D-glucuronic acid. Plays a role in the activation of procarcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon trans-dihydrodiols, and in the metabolism of various xenobiotics and drugs, including the anthracyclines doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin (DAUN).
Gene Name:
AKR1A1
Uniprot ID:
P14550
Molecular weight:
36572.71
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Class-III ADH is remarkably ineffective in oxidizing ethanol, but it readily catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and the oxidation of S-(hydroxymethyl) glutathione.
Gene Name:
ADH5
Uniprot ID:
P11766
Molecular weight:
39723.945
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ADH1B
Uniprot ID:
P00325
Molecular weight:
39835.17
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Could function in retinol oxidation for the synthesis of retinoic acid, a hormone important for cellular differentiation. Medium-chain (octanol) and aromatic (m-nitrobenzaldehyde) compounds are the best substrates. Ethanol is not a good substrate but at the high ethanol concentrations reached in the digestive tract, it plays a role in the ethanol oxidation and contributes to the first pass ethanol metabolism.
Gene Name:
ADH7
Uniprot ID:
P40394
Molecular weight:
41480.985
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ADH1A
Uniprot ID:
P07327
Molecular weight:
39858.37
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ADH6
Uniprot ID:
P28332
Molecular weight:
39072.275

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 83 proteins in total.