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Record Information |
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Version | 4.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2020-11-09 23:11:41 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000033 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Carnosine |
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Description | Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is found exclusively in animal tissues. It is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany ageing (e.g. protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) and associated pathologies (PMID: 16804013 ). It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. Some autistic patients take it as a dietary supplement and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. Carnosine also exhibits some antioxidant effects. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and ROS and free radicals scavenging ability (PMID: 16406688 ). Carnosine is a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Carnosine is found to be associated with carnosinuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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Nalpha-(beta-alanyl)-L-histidine | ChEBI | Nalpha-(b-alanyl)-L-histidine | Generator | Nalpha-(β-alanyl)-L-histidine | Generator | b-Alanyl-L-histidine | HMDB | b-Alanylhistidine | HMDB | beta-Alanyl-L-histidine | HMDB | beta-Alanylhistidine | HMDB | Ignotine | HMDB | Karnozin | HMDB | Karnozzn | HMDB | L-Carnosine | HMDB | N-(3-Aminopropanoyl)histidine | HMDB | N-(b-Alanyl)-L-histidine | HMDB | N-b-Alanyl-L-histidine | HMDB | N-beta-Alanyl-L-histidine | HMDB | Sevitin | HMDB | Carnosine, (D-his)-isomer | HMDB | Hydrochloride, carnosine | HMDB | L Carnosine | HMDB | Carnosine hydrochloride | HMDB | beta Alanylhistidine | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C9H14N4O3 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 226.2325 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 226.106590334 |
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IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-(3-aminopropanamido)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | β-alanyl-L-histidine |
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CAS Registry Number | 305-84-0 |
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SMILES | NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hybrid peptides. Hybrid peptides are compounds containing at least two different types of amino acids (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) linked to each other through a peptide bond. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Peptidomimetics |
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Sub Class | Hybrid peptides |
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Direct Parent | Hybrid peptides |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Hybrid peptide
- Histidine or derivatives
- N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
- N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
- N-acyl-l-alpha-amino acid
- Beta amino acid or derivatives
- Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
- Imidazolyl carboxylic acid derivative
- Azole
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Imidazole
- Amino acid
- Amino acid or derivatives
- Secondary carboxylic acid amide
- Carboxamide group
- Azacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Organopnictogen compound
- Primary aliphatic amine
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Amine
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Primary amine
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic oxide
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Biological role: Industrial application: |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 253 - 256 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 384 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-001i-9200000000-e1b627f2d6087f1a4f3e | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00e9-9110000000-a23fcd512ed705116d19 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0a6r-0590000000-3facdeb7a9f1b833cadf | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-03di-1900000000-a39c1a1f1db8549d69fe | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-03e9-9500000000-0a9e5951251391cb0caa | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-03fr-0930000000-037f91ca363dacbc0112 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-d75632020730d38db12a | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-eae5a77f232972048ea2 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-08fr-0390000000-61159b9b20f5afda0d0c | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-03fs-0930000000-2164b41d8882cd740337 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0a4j-0900000000-d36823b00135c9d452c9 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-001i-0900000000-2d556024df911bfcf1f0 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-03di-0390000000-7a7d8e991b46e87abc36 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0490200000-e7a68540cb7eb6b88020 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-001i-9000000000-0ea0b380dcef3109e0dc | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0udi-0900000000-d329921f45fac5494381 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0090000000-bf47d3f6eac10e087754 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0392411100-6efd739ab2e55ac98d81 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0udi-0900000000-22bfeae9981523b0cbc3 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0090000000-35810c1e1756541bd16a | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0190000000-a4df7b97ef1090978371 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative | splash10-004i-0090000000-8eb3d9ac409912a61228 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative | splash10-0w4i-0930000000-4568b16b1f6ed9a27f0a | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative | splash10-03di-1900000000-7771effc7ceb4499f395 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative | splash10-03di-6900000000-2a23069b75992b4bfcac | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative | splash10-01q9-9200000000-702c77c424d21cbeb2c0 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive | splash10-004i-0190000000-441d34f3fa359acb868e | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | - Brain
- Fibroblasts
- Intestine
- Kidney
- Liver
- Neuron
- Placenta
- Skeletal Muscle
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00-0.10 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 6.54 +/- 1.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 3.1 +/- 7.5 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.115 +/- 0.290 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.469 +/- 0.434 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 18.3608 +/- 20.3166 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <18.21 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.84 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <12.33 umol/mmol creatinine | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 5.5 (1.4-12.6) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <3.96 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 19.97 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 4.0133 +/- 2.607 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 3.2 +/- 4.36 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Normal | - Geigy Scientific ...
- West Cadwell, N.J...
- Basel, Switzerlan...
| details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 3.5 +/- 2.7 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | - Geigy Scientific ...
- West Cadwell, N.J...
- Basel, Switzerlan...
| details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 4.0 +/- 2.5 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | - Geigy Scientific ...
- West Cadwell, N.J...
- Basel, Switzerlan...
| details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 3.05-115.48 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 2.380 +/- 2.113 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 3.240 +/- 4.413 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 3.547 +/- 2.760 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 4.193 +/- 3.233 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 4.580 +/- 3.867 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 34.427 +/- 47.016 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.81-69.68 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 9.70-66.50 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.47-35.49 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.2 (0.2-4.1) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 3.24(0.55-32.95) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 2.67(0.45-36.23) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 2.036-36.085 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.1+/-0.5 umol/mmol creatinine | Not Specified | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 3.28 +/- 0.91 uM | Elderly (>65 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Both | Crohns disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Crohns disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Unclassified IBD | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 6.2122 +/- 5.342 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 4.7276 +/- 9.2518 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Gastroesophageal reflux disease | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.0 (0.0-2.2) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Carnosinuria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 84.8 (56.5-113.0) umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Carnosinuria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 18.8 +/- 10.31 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 9.117 +/- 13.178 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 56.56-113.1 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Carnosinuria | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Alzheimer's disease |
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- Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed:17031479 ]
| Crohn's disease |
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- Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
| Ulcerative colitis |
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- Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
| Carnosinuria |
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- Furst P: Amino acid metabolism in uremia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Aug;8(4):310-23. [PubMed:2674258 ]
- G.Frauendienst-Egger, Friedrich K. Trefz (2017). MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de). METAGENE consortium.
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- (). Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart. .
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB11695 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB005612 |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | 388363 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C00386 |
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BioCyc ID | CARNOSINE |
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BiGG ID | 1800369 |
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Wikipedia Link | Carnosine |
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METLIN ID | 38 |
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PubChem Compound | 439224 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 15727 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000016 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Vezenkov, L.; Yanachkov, O. Synthesis of carnosine by trimethylsilyl protection. Dokladi na Bulgarskata Akademiya na Naukite (1991), 44(8), 53-6 |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Park YJ, Volpe SL, Decker EA: Quantitation of carnosine in humans plasma after dietary consumption of beef. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 15;53(12):4736-9. [PubMed:15941308 ]
- Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Borin G: Carnosine and carnosine-related antioxidants: a review. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(20):2293-315. [PubMed:16181134 ]
- Hipkiss AR, Preston JE, Himsworth DT, Worthington VC, Keown M, Michaelis J, Lawrence J, Mateen A, Allende L, Eagles PA, Abbott NJ: Pluripotent protective effects of carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 20;854:37-53. [PubMed:9928418 ]
- Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Osler A, Rubini C, Jo DG, Mattson MP, Borin G: Synthesis and evaluation of neuroprotective alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde scavenger histidyl-containing analogues of carnosine. J Med Chem. 2005 Sep 22;48(19):6156-61. [PubMed:16162015 ]
- Hipkiss AR, Brownson C: Carnosine reacts with protein carbonyl groups: another possible role for the anti-ageing peptide? Biogerontology. 2000;1(3):217-23. [PubMed:11707898 ]
- Furst P: Amino acid metabolism in uremia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Aug;8(4):310-23. [PubMed:2674258 ]
- Lee YT, Hsu CC, Lin MH, Liu KS, Yin MC: Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 18;513(1-2):145-50. Epub 2005 Apr 2. [PubMed:15878720 ]
- Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Bertani MF, Ruiz E, Ferro A: Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:285-94. [PubMed:11976203 ]
- Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Dunnett M, Harris RC, Willan PL: Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(1):47-50. [PubMed:1735411 ]
- Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Carrier MJ: Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide, may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Sep 15;122(13):1431-45. [PubMed:11470131 ]
- Suzuki Y, Ito O, Mukai N, Takahashi H, Takamatsu K: High level of skeletal muscle carnosine contributes to the latter half of exercise performance during 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting. Jpn J Physiol. 2002 Apr;52(2):199-205. [PubMed:12139778 ]
- Kang JH, Kim KS, Choi SY, Kwon HY, Won MH, Kang TC: Protection by carnosine-related dipeptides against hydrogen peroxide-mediated ceruloplasmin modification. Mol Cells. 2002 Feb 28;13(1):107-12. [PubMed:11911459 ]
- Willi SM, Zhang Y, Hill JB, Phelan MC, Michaelis RC, Holden KR: A deletion in the long arm of chromosome 18 in a child with serum carnosinase deficiency. Pediatr Res. 1997 Feb;41(2):210-3. [PubMed:9029640 ]
- Tallon MJ, Harris RC, Boobis LH, Fallowfield JL, Wise JA: The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance-trained bodybuilders. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Nov;19(4):725-9. [PubMed:16287364 ]
- Mozdzan M, Szemraj J, Rysz J, Nowak D: Antioxidant properties of carnosine re-evaluated with oxidizing systems involving iron and copper ions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005 May;96(5):352-60. [PubMed:15853927 ]
- Jackson MC, Lenney JF: The distribution of carnosine and related dipeptides in rat and human tissues. Inflamm Res. 1996 Mar;45(3):132-5. [PubMed:8689392 ]
- Hipkiss AR: Would carnosine or a carnivorous diet help suppress aging and associated pathologies? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 May;1067:369-74. [PubMed:16804013 ]
- Guney Y, Turkcu UO, Hicsonmez A, Andrieu MN, Guney HZ, Bilgihan A, Kurtman C: Carnosine may reduce lung injury caused by radiation therapy. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(5):957-9. Epub 2006 Jan 10. [PubMed:16406688 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
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