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Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Biological properties Concentrations Links References enzymes (6)transporters (1) Show 7 proteins XML

enzymes (6)transporters (1) Show 7 proteins

Record Information

Version

5.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC

Update Date

2021-09-14 14:57:08 UTC

HMDB ID

HMDB0000033

Secondary Accession Numbers

HMDB00033

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Carnosine

Description

Carnosine, which is also known as beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide consisting of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is found exclusively in animal tissues and is naturally produced in the body by the liver. Carnosine has a pKa value of 6.83, making it a good buffer for the pH range of animal muscles. Since beta-alanine is a non-proteogenic amino acid and is not incorporated into proteins, carnosine can be stored at relatively high concentrations (millimolar) in muscles, with concentrations as high as 17‚Äì25 mmol/kg (dry muscle). Carnosine is also highly concentrated in brain tissues. Carnosine has been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes formed from peroxidation of fatty acids during oxidative stress. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against divalent metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, as well as its ROS and free radicals scavenging ability (PMID: 16406688 ). Carnosine also buffers muscle cells, and acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany ageing (e.g. protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) and associated pathologies (PMID: 16804013 ). Some autistic patients take carnosine as a dietary supplement and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. A positive association between muscle tissue carnosine concentration and exercise performance has been found. Œ≤-Alanine supplementation is thought increase exercise performance by promoting carnosine production in muscle. Exercise has conversely been found to increase muscle carnosine concentrations, and muscle carnosine content is higher in athletes engaging in anaerobic exercise. Carnosine is also a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Elevated levels of urinary and plasma carnosine are associated with carnosinuria (also known as carnosinemia), which is an inborn error of metabolism. caused by a deficiency of the enzyme carnosinase. Carnosinas cleaves carnosine into its constituent amino acids: Œ≤-Alanine and histidine. Carnonsinemia results in an excess of carnosine in the urine, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and nervous tissue. A variety of neurological symptoms have been associated with carnosinemia. They include: hypotonia, developmental delay, mental retardation, degeneration of axons, sensory neuropathy, tremors, demyelinization, gray matter anomalies, myoclonic seizures, and loss of purkinje fibers.

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

HMDB0000033
     RDKit          3D
Carnosine
 30 30  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    4.2757    0.3752    1.0188 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.3718    0.1898   -0.4167 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0992    0.7490   -1.0443 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.9282    0.0252   -0.5109 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0820   -0.8908    0.3259 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6428    0.3622   -0.9404 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5658   -0.3149   -0.4527 C   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.4205    0.7649    0.1627 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.6927    0.2833    0.7158 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.9672   -0.1703    1.9924 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.2547   -0.5058    2.0561 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.7959   -0.2781    0.8640 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.8472    0.2057    0.0349 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.2205   -0.9250   -1.6323 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7344   -0.8096   -2.7837 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4034   -1.6561   -1.5339 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.2981   -0.5653    1.4921 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.1336    0.8875    1.3726 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.4952   -0.8818   -0.6697 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2675    0.7070   -0.7991 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0398    1.8302   -0.9299 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.1442    0.4947   -2.1441 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.4989    1.1188   -1.6334 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3029   -1.1041    0.2811 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8197    1.2586    0.9596 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6372    1.4995   -0.6373 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.2438   -0.2312    2.7814 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -5.8512   -0.4614    0.6130 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.0637    0.4522   -0.9535 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4562   -2.4092   -0.8653 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  3  4  1  0
  4  5  2  0
  4  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  7  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  2  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  2  0
 12 13  1  0
  7 14  1  0
 14 15  2  0
 14 16  1  0
 13  9  1  0
  1 17  1  0
  1 18  1  0
  2 19  1  0
  2 20  1  0
  3 21  1  0
  3 22  1  0
  6 23  1  0
  7 24  1  1
  8 25  1  0
  8 26  1  0
 10 27  1  0
 12 28  1  0
 13 29  1  0
 16 30  1  0
M  END

      
  Mrv1652303182019222D          

 16 16  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
 9999.939310000.4125    0.0000 C   0  0  2  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9999.224810000.8250    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9999.9393 9999.5885    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10000.6535 9999.1749    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10001.3672 9999.5885    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10002.0829 9999.1749    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10002.7965 9999.5885    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10000.6535 9998.3498    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10000.653510000.8250    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10001.367210000.4125    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10000.653510001.6500    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9997.839210000.9075    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9997.171810000.4225    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9997.4267 9999.6379    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.2517 9999.6379    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.506610000.4225    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  1  3  1  1  0  0  0
  1  9  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  4  8  2  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  6  7  1  0  0  0  0
  9 10  1  0  0  0  0
  9 11  2  0  0  0  0
 15 16  2  0  0  0  0
 12 13  1  0  0  0  0
 12 16  1  0  0  0  0
 13 14  2  0  0  0  0
 14 15  1  0  0  0  0
  2 16  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0000033

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1

> <INCHI_KEY>
CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C9H14N4O3

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
226.2325

> <EXACT_MASS>
226.106590334

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
5

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
30

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
22.36612322974625

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
4

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
(2S)-2-(3-aminopropanamido)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
-2.96

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
-4.480241342175954

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-1.31

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
1

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
1

> <JCHEM_PKA>
12.867210570530204

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
3.371243802200665

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_BASIC>
9.12598191586239

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
121.1

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
55.56190000000001

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
6

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
1.11e+01 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
β-alanyl-L-histidine

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$

HMDB0000033
     RDKit          3D
Carnosine
 30 30  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    4.2757    0.3752    1.0188 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.3718    0.1898   -0.4167 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0992    0.7490   -1.0443 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.9282    0.0252   -0.5109 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0820   -0.8908    0.3259 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6428    0.3622   -0.9404 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5658   -0.3149   -0.4527 C   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.4205    0.7649    0.1627 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.6927    0.2833    0.7158 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.9672   -0.1703    1.9924 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.2547   -0.5058    2.0561 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.7959   -0.2781    0.8640 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.8472    0.2057    0.0349 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.2205   -0.9250   -1.6323 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7344   -0.8096   -2.7837 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4034   -1.6561   -1.5339 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.2981   -0.5653    1.4921 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.1336    0.8875    1.3726 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.4952   -0.8818   -0.6697 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2675    0.7070   -0.7991 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0398    1.8302   -0.9299 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.1442    0.4947   -2.1441 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.4989    1.1188   -1.6334 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3029   -1.1041    0.2811 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8197    1.2586    0.9596 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6372    1.4995   -0.6373 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.2438   -0.2312    2.7814 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -5.8512   -0.4614    0.6130 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.0637    0.4522   -0.9535 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4562   -2.4092   -0.8653 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  3  4  1  0
  4  5  2  0
  4  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  7  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  2  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  2  0
 12 13  1  0
  7 14  1  0
 14 15  2  0
 14 16  1  0
 13  9  1  0
  1 17  1  0
  1 18  1  0
  2 19  1  0
  2 20  1  0
  3 21  1  0
  3 22  1  0
  6 23  1  0
  7 24  1  1
  8 25  1  0
  8 26  1  0
 10 27  1  0
 12 28  1  0
 13 29  1  0
 16 30  1  0
M  END

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 18-MAR-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    MOLECULE:                                                   
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   18-MAR-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  C   UNK     0    8666.5538667.437   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    2  C   UNK     0    8665.2208668.207   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    3  N   UNK     0    8666.5538665.899   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0    8667.8878665.126   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    5  C   UNK     0    8669.2198665.899   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0    8670.5558665.126   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  N   UNK     0    8671.8878665.899   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    8  O   UNK     0    8667.8878663.586   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0    8667.8878668.207   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  O   UNK     0    8669.2198667.437   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM   11  O   UNK     0    8667.8878669.747   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM   12  N   UNK     0    8662.6338668.361   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM   13  C   UNK     0    8661.3878667.455   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   14  N   UNK     0    8661.8638665.991   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM   15  C   UNK     0    8663.4038665.991   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   16  C   UNK     0    8663.8798667.455   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1    2    3    9                                                  
CONECT    2    1   16                                                       
CONECT    3    1    4                                                       
CONECT    4    3    5    8                                                  
CONECT    5    4    6                                                       
CONECT    6    5    7                                                       
CONECT    7    6                                                            
CONECT    8    4                                                            
CONECT    9    1   10   11                                                  
CONECT   10    9                                                            
CONECT   11    9                                                            
CONECT   12   13   16                                                       
CONECT   13   12   14                                                       
CONECT   14   13   15                                                       
CONECT   15   16   14                                                       
CONECT   16   15   12    2                                                  
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   16    0   32    0
END

COMPND    HMDB0000033
HETATM    1  N1  UNL     1       4.276   0.375   1.019  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    2  C1  UNL     1       4.372   0.190  -0.417  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  C2  UNL     1       3.099   0.749  -1.044  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    4  C3  UNL     1       1.928   0.025  -0.511  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  O1  UNL     1       2.082  -0.891   0.326  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    6  N2  UNL     1       0.643   0.362  -0.940  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    7  C4  UNL     1      -0.566  -0.315  -0.453  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    8  C5  UNL     1      -1.420   0.765   0.163  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    9  C6  UNL     1      -2.693   0.283   0.716  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   10  C7  UNL     1      -2.967  -0.170   1.992  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   11  N3  UNL     1      -4.255  -0.506   2.056  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM   12  C8  UNL     1      -4.796  -0.278   0.864  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   13  N4  UNL     1      -3.847   0.206   0.035  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM   14  C9  UNL     1      -1.220  -0.925  -1.632  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   15  O2  UNL     1      -0.734  -0.810  -2.784  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   16  O3  UNL     1      -2.403  -1.656  -1.534  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   17  H1  UNL     1       4.298  -0.565   1.492  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H2  UNL     1       5.134   0.887   1.373  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   19  H3  UNL     1       4.495  -0.882  -0.670  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   20  H4  UNL     1       5.268   0.707  -0.799  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   21  H5  UNL     1       3.040   1.830  -0.930  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   22  H6  UNL     1       3.144   0.495  -2.144  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   23  H7  UNL     1       0.499   1.119  -1.633  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   24  H8  UNL     1      -0.303  -1.104   0.281  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   25  H9  UNL     1      -0.820   1.259   0.960  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   26  H10 UNL     1      -1.637   1.499  -0.637  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   27  H11 UNL     1      -2.244  -0.231   2.781  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   28  H12 UNL     1      -5.851  -0.461   0.613  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   29  H13 UNL     1      -4.064   0.452  -0.953  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   30  H14 UNL     1      -2.456  -2.409  -0.865  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2   17   18
CONECT    2    3   19   20
CONECT    3    4   21   22
CONECT    4    5    5    6
CONECT    6    7   23
CONECT    7    8   14   24
CONECT    8    9   25   26
CONECT    9   10   10   13
CONECT   10   11   27
CONECT   11   12   12
CONECT   12   13   28
CONECT   13   29
CONECT   14   15   15   16
CONECT   16   30
END

HMDB0000033
     RDKit          3D
Carnosine
 30 30  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    4.2757    0.3752    1.0188 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.3718    0.1898   -0.4167 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0992    0.7490   -1.0443 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.9282    0.0252   -0.5109 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0820   -0.8908    0.3259 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6428    0.3622   -0.9404 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5658   -0.3149   -0.4527 C   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.4205    0.7649    0.1627 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.6927    0.2833    0.7158 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.9672   -0.1703    1.9924 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.2547   -0.5058    2.0561 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.7959   -0.2781    0.8640 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.8472    0.2057    0.0349 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.2205   -0.9250   -1.6323 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7344   -0.8096   -2.7837 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4034   -1.6561   -1.5339 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.2981   -0.5653    1.4921 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.1336    0.8875    1.3726 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.4952   -0.8818   -0.6697 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2675    0.7070   -0.7991 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0398    1.8302   -0.9299 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.1442    0.4947   -2.1441 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.4989    1.1188   -1.6334 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3029   -1.1041    0.2811 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8197    1.2586    0.9596 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6372    1.4995   -0.6373 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.2438   -0.2312    2.7814 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -5.8512   -0.4614    0.6130 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.0637    0.4522   -0.9535 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4562   -2.4092   -0.8653 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  3  4  1  0
  4  5  2  0
  4  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  7  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  2  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  2  0
 12 13  1  0
  7 14  1  0
 14 15  2  0
 14 16  1  0
 13  9  1  0
  1 17  1  0
  1 18  1  0
  2 19  1  0
  2 20  1  0
  3 21  1  0
  3 22  1  0
  6 23  1  0
  7 24  1  1
  8 25  1  0
  8 26  1  0
 10 27  1  0
 12 28  1  0
 13 29  1  0
 16 30  1  0
M  END

View in JSmol View Stereo Labels

Synonyms

Value	Source
Nalpha-(beta-alanyl)-L-histidine	ChEBI
Nalpha-(b-alanyl)-L-histidine	Generator
Nalpha-(β-alanyl)-L-histidine	Generator
b-Alanyl-L-histidine	HMDB
b-Alanylhistidine	HMDB
beta-Alanyl-L-histidine	HMDB
beta-Alanylhistidine	HMDB
Ignotine	HMDB
Karnozin	HMDB
Karnozzn	HMDB
L-Carnosine	HMDB
N-(3-Aminopropanoyl)histidine	HMDB
N-(b-Alanyl)-L-histidine	HMDB
N-b-Alanyl-L-histidine	HMDB
N-beta-Alanyl-L-histidine	HMDB
Sevitin	HMDB
Carnosine, (D-his)-isomer	HMDB
Hydrochloride, carnosine	HMDB
L Carnosine	HMDB
Carnosine hydrochloride	HMDB
beta Alanylhistidine	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₉H₁₄N₄O₃

Average Molecular Weight

226.2325

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

226.106590334

IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-(3-aminopropanamido)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid

Traditional Name

β-alanyl-L-histidine

CAS Registry Number

305-84-0

SMILES

NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1

InChI Key

CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hybrid peptides. Hybrid peptides are compounds containing at least two different types of amino acids (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) linked to each other through a peptide bond.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Peptidomimetics

Sub Class

Hybrid peptides

Direct Parent

Hybrid peptides

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Hybrid peptide
Histidine or derivatives
N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
N-acyl-l-alpha-amino acid
Beta amino acid or derivatives
Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
Imidazolyl carboxylic acid derivative
Azole
Heteroaromatic compound
Imidazole
Amino acid
Amino acid or derivatives
Secondary carboxylic acid amide
Carboxamide group
Azacycle
Organoheterocyclic compound
Carboxylic acid derivative
Carboxylic acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Organopnictogen compound
Primary aliphatic amine
Organic nitrogen compound
Amine
Organonitrogen compound
Organooxygen compound
Carbonyl group
Primary amine
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organic oxygen compound
Organic oxide
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

dipeptide (CHEBI:15727 )

Ontology

Physiological effect

Adverse health effect

Digestive system disorder

Gastrointestinal disorder

Upper GI Disorder

Eosinophilic esophagitis

Nervous system disorder

Alzheimer's disease - Elevated in human urine (PMID: 17031479 ).

Carnosinuria - Elevated in human urine (PMID: 2674258 ).

Genetic disorder

Inborn errors of metabolism

Circulatory system disorder

Blood and lymphatic system disorder

Carnosinemia

Skeletal muscle

Excreta

Cellular substructure

Macromolecular complex

Cytoplasm

Ingestion

Process

Naturally occurring process

Biological process

Biochemical pathway

Metabolic pathway

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	253 - 256 °C	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	384 mg/mL	Not Available
LogP	Not Available	Not Available

Experimental Spectral Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Predictor	Adduct Type	Data Source	CCS Value (Å²)	Reference
DeepCCS	[M-H]-	Baker	154.928	30932474
DeepCCS	[M+H]+	Baker	151.367	30932474
AllCCS	[M-H]-	Not Available	152.3	http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000003
AllCCS	[M+H]+	Not Available	150.9	http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000003

Predicted Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	11.1 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	10^(-3) g/L	ALOGPS
logP	10^(-4.5) g/L	ChemAxon
logS	10^(-1.3) g/L	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	3.37	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.13	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	5	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	4	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	121.1 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	6	ChemAxon
Refractivity	55.56 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	22.37 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted Spectral Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

Predictor	Adduct Type	CCS Value (Å²)	Reference
DarkChem	[M+H]+	150.786	31661259
DarkChem	[M-H]-	150.127	31661259
AllCCS	[M+H]+	150.513	32859911
AllCCS	[M-H]-	149.883	32859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Derivatized

Derivative Name / Structure	SMILES	Kovats RI Value	Column Type	Reference
Carnosine,1TMS,#1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN	2338.5	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Carnosine,1TMS,#2	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	2448.9	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Carnosine,1TMS,#3	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	2271.8	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Carnosine,1TMS,#4	C[Si](C)(C)N1C=NC=C1C[C@H](NC(=O)CCN)C(=O)O	2423.5	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Carnosine,1TBDMS,#1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN	2588.0	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Carnosine,1TBDMS,#2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	2647.7	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Carnosine,1TBDMS,#3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	2515.9	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Carnosine,1TBDMS,#4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C=NC=C1C[C@H](NC(=O)CCN)C(=O)O	2679.4	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712

Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	Source	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Carnosine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-001i-9200000000-e1b627f2d6087f1a4f3e	2016-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Carnosine GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00e9-9110000000-a23fcd512ed705116d19	2017-10-06	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Carnosine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	Source	View
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)	splash10-0a6r-0590000000-3facdeb7a9f1b833cadf	2012-07-24	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)	splash10-03di-1900000000-a39c1a1f1db8549d69fe	2012-07-24	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)	splash10-03e9-9500000000-0a9e5951251391cb0caa	2012-07-24	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF	splash10-03fr-0930000000-037f91ca363dacbc0112	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-d75632020730d38db12a	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-eae5a77f232972048ea2	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF	splash10-08fr-0390000000-61159b9b20f5afda0d0c	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF	splash10-03fs-0930000000-2164b41d8882cd740337	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF	splash10-0a4j-0900000000-d36823b00135c9d452c9	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF	splash10-001i-0900000000-2d556024df911bfcf1f0	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive-QTOF	splash10-03di-0390000000-7a7d8e991b46e87abc36	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF	splash10-004i-0490200000-e7a68540cb7eb6b88020	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF	splash10-001i-9000000000-0ea0b380dcef3109e0dc	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF	splash10-0udi-0900000000-d329921f45fac5494381	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF	splash10-004i-0090000000-bf47d3f6eac10e087754	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF	splash10-004i-0392411100-6efd739ab2e55ac98d81	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF	splash10-0udi-0900000000-22bfeae9981523b0cbc3	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF	splash10-004i-0090000000-35810c1e1756541bd16a	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOF	splash10-004i-0190000000-a4df7b97ef1090978371	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-004i-0090000000-8eb3d9ac409912a61228	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0w4i-0930000000-4568b16b1f6ed9a27f0a	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-03di-1900000000-7771effc7ceb4499f395	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-03di-6900000000-2a23069b75992b4bfcac	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-01q9-9200000000-702c77c424d21cbeb2c0	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Carnosine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-004i-0190000000-441d34f3fa359acb868e	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Deposition Date	Source	View
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Experimental 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	2021-10-10	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H]-TOCSY 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)	2012-12-04	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	2012-12-04	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Feces
Saliva
Urine

Tissue Locations

Brain
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Neuron
Placenta
Skeletal Muscle

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank	KEGG
beta-Alanine metabolism	Not Available
Histidine metabolism
GABA-Transaminase Deficiency		Not Available
Ureidopropionase Deficiency		Not Available
Carnosinuria, carnosinemia		Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	32966057	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.00-0.10 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Molecular You	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	6.54 +/- 1.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	17031479	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	3.1 +/- 7.5 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	27543620	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	29808030	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Normal	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	27609529	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.115 +/- 0.290 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Sugimoto et al. (...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.469 +/- 0.434 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Sugimoto et al. (...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	18.3608 +/- 20.3166 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	<18.21 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.84 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	19309105	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	<12.33 umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	5.5 (1.4-12.6) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	<3.96 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	19.97 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Shaykhutdinov RA,...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.0133 +/- 2.607 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.2 +/- 4.36 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ... West Cadwell, N.J... Basel, Switzerlan...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.5 +/- 2.7 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ... West Cadwell, N.J... Basel, Switzerlan...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.0 +/- 2.5 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ... West Cadwell, N.J... Basel, Switzerlan...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.05-115.48 umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.380 +/- 2.113 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.240 +/- 4.413 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.547 +/- 2.760 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.193 +/- 3.233 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.580 +/- 3.867 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	34.427 +/- 47.016 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.81-69.68 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	9.70-66.50 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	28974263	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.47-35.49 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	López Hernández Y...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.2 (0.2-4.1) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.24(0.55-32.95) umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Female	Normal	López Hernández Y...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.67(0.45-36.23) umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Normal	López Hernández Y...	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	32966057	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.036-36.085 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.1+/-0.5 umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Both	Normal	9029640	details

Abnormal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	3.28 +/- 0.91 uM	Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	17031479	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Crohns disease	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Ulcerative colitis	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Crohns disease	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Ulcerative colitis	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Unclassified IBD	27609529	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	6.2122 +/- 5.342 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.7276 +/- 9.2518 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Gastroesophageal reflux disease	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.0 (0.0-2.2) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Carnosinuria	MetaGene: Metabol...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	84.8 (56.5-113.0) umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Carnosinuria	MetaGene: Metabol...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	18.8 +/- 10.31 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	17031479	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	9.117 +/- 13.178 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	56.56-113.1 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Carnosinuria	2674258	details

Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease References

Alzheimer's disease
Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed:17031479 ]
Crohn's disease
Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Ulcerative colitis
Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Carnosinuria
Furst P: Amino acid metabolism in uremia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Aug;8(4):310-23. [PubMed:2674258 ] G.Frauendienst-Egger, Friedrich K. Trefz (2017). MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de). METAGENE consortium.
Eosinophilic esophagitis
(). Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart. .

Associated OMIM IDs

104300 (Alzheimer's disease)
266600 (Crohn's disease)
212200 (Carnosinuria)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

External Links

DrugBank ID

DB11695

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

FDB012937

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

Chemspider ID

KEGG Compound ID

BioCyc ID

BiGG ID

Wikipedia Link

METLIN ID

PubChem Compound

439224

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

15727

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

ALAHIS

MarkerDB ID

MDB00000016

Good Scents ID

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Vezenkov, L.; Yanachkov, O. Synthesis of carnosine by trimethylsilyl protection. Dokladi na Bulgarskata Akademiya na Naukite (1991), 44(8), 53-6

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Download (PDF)

General References

Park YJ, Volpe SL, Decker EA: Quantitation of carnosine in humans plasma after dietary consumption of beef. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 15;53(12):4736-9. [PubMed:15941308 ]
Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Borin G: Carnosine and carnosine-related antioxidants: a review. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(20):2293-315. [PubMed:16181134 ]
Hipkiss AR, Preston JE, Himsworth DT, Worthington VC, Keown M, Michaelis J, Lawrence J, Mateen A, Allende L, Eagles PA, Abbott NJ: Pluripotent protective effects of carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 20;854:37-53. [PubMed:9928418 ]
Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Osler A, Rubini C, Jo DG, Mattson MP, Borin G: Synthesis and evaluation of neuroprotective alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde scavenger histidyl-containing analogues of carnosine. J Med Chem. 2005 Sep 22;48(19):6156-61. [PubMed:16162015 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C: Carnosine reacts with protein carbonyl groups: another possible role for the anti-ageing peptide? Biogerontology. 2000;1(3):217-23. [PubMed:11707898 ]
Furst P: Amino acid metabolism in uremia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Aug;8(4):310-23. [PubMed:2674258 ]
Lee YT, Hsu CC, Lin MH, Liu KS, Yin MC: Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 18;513(1-2):145-50. Epub 2005 Apr 2. [PubMed:15878720 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Bertani MF, Ruiz E, Ferro A: Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:285-94. [PubMed:11976203 ]
Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Dunnett M, Harris RC, Willan PL: Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(1):47-50. [PubMed:1735411 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Carrier MJ: Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide, may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Sep 15;122(13):1431-45. [PubMed:11470131 ]
Suzuki Y, Ito O, Mukai N, Takahashi H, Takamatsu K: High level of skeletal muscle carnosine contributes to the latter half of exercise performance during 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting. Jpn J Physiol. 2002 Apr;52(2):199-205. [PubMed:12139778 ]
Kang JH, Kim KS, Choi SY, Kwon HY, Won MH, Kang TC: Protection by carnosine-related dipeptides against hydrogen peroxide-mediated ceruloplasmin modification. Mol Cells. 2002 Feb 28;13(1):107-12. [PubMed:11911459 ]
Willi SM, Zhang Y, Hill JB, Phelan MC, Michaelis RC, Holden KR: A deletion in the long arm of chromosome 18 in a child with serum carnosinase deficiency. Pediatr Res. 1997 Feb;41(2):210-3. [PubMed:9029640 ]
Tallon MJ, Harris RC, Boobis LH, Fallowfield JL, Wise JA: The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance-trained bodybuilders. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Nov;19(4):725-9. [PubMed:16287364 ]
Mozdzan M, Szemraj J, Rysz J, Nowak D: Antioxidant properties of carnosine re-evaluated with oxidizing systems involving iron and copper ions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005 May;96(5):352-60. [PubMed:15853927 ]
Jackson MC, Lenney JF: The distribution of carnosine and related dipeptides in rat and human tissues. Inflamm Res. 1996 Mar;45(3):132-5. [PubMed:8689392 ]
Hipkiss AR: Would carnosine or a carnivorous diet help suppress aging and associated pathologies? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 May;1067:369-74. [PubMed:16804013 ]
Guney Y, Turkcu UO, Hicsonmez A, Andrieu MN, Guney HZ, Bilgihan A, Kurtman C: Carnosine may reduce lung injury caused by radiation therapy. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(5):957-9. Epub 2006 Jan 10. [PubMed:16406688 ]
Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details

1. Myeloperoxidase

General function:: Involved in peroxidase activity
Specific function:: Part of the host defense system of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is responsible for microbicidal activity against a wide range of organisms. In the stimulated PMN, MPO catalyzes the production of hypohalous acids, primarily hypochlorous acid in physiologic situations, and other toxic intermediates that greatly enhance PMN microbicidal activity.
Gene Name:: MPO
Uniprot ID:: P05164
Molecular weight:: 83867.71

References

Boldyrev A, Abe H, Stvolinsky S, Tyulina O: Effects of carnosine and related compounds on generation of free oxygen species: a comparative study. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 1995 Nov;112(3):481-5. [PubMed:8529024 ]

Enzyme Details

2. Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase

General function:: Involved in metallopeptidase activity
Specific function:: Preferential hydrolysis of the beta-Ala-|-His dipeptide (carnosine), and also anserine, Xaa-|-His dipeptides and other dipeptides including homocarnosine
Gene Name:: CNDP1
Uniprot ID:: Q96KN2
Molecular weight:: 56691.6

Enzyme Details

3. Histidine decarboxylase

General function:: Involved in carboxy-lyase activity
Specific function:: Catalyzes the biosynthesis of histamine from histidine.
Gene Name:: HDC
Uniprot ID:: P19113
Molecular weight:: 74139.825

References

Nagai K, Suda T, Kawasaki K, Mathuura S: Action of carnosine and beta-alanine on wound healing. Surgery. 1986 Nov;100(5):815-21. [PubMed:3095942 ]

Enzyme Details

4. Vimentin

General function:: Involved in structural molecule activity
Specific function:: Vimentins are class-III intermediate filaments found in various non-epithelial cells, especially mesenchymal cells
Gene Name:: VIM
Uniprot ID:: P08670
Molecular weight:: 53651.2

References

Hipkiss AR: Could carnosine or related structures suppress Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2007 May;11(2):229-40. [PubMed:17522447 ]

Enzyme Details

5. Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A/1B

General function:: Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:: In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s stabilize preexistent proteins against aggregation and mediate the folding of newly translated polypeptides in the cytosol as well as within organelles. These chaperones participate in all these processes through their ability to recognize nonnative conformations of other proteins. They bind extended peptide segments with a net hydrophobic character exposed by polypeptides during translation and membrane translocation, or following stress-induced damage. In case of rotavirus A infection, serves as a post-attachment receptor for the virus to facilitate entry into the cell
Gene Name:: HSPA1A
Uniprot ID:: P08107
Molecular weight:: 70051.6

References

Wada I, Otaka M, Jin M, Odashima M, Komatsu K, Konishi N, Matsuhashi T, Horikawa Y, Ohba R, Itoh H, Watanabe S: Expression of HSP72 in the gastric mucosa is regulated by gastric acid in rats-correlation of HSP72 expression with mucosal protection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Oct 20;349(2):611-8. Epub 2006 Aug 23. [PubMed:16945336 ]

Enzyme Details

6. Carnosine synthase 1

General function:: Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:: Catalyzes the synthesis of carnosine and homocarnosine. Carnosine is synthesized more efficiently than homocarnosine.
Gene Name:: CARNS1
Uniprot ID:: A5YM72
Molecular weight:: 101318.725

Reactions

Adenosine triphosphate + L-Histidine + beta-Alanine → ADP + Phosphate + Carnosine	details
Adenosine triphosphate + L-Histidine + beta-Alanine → Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Carnosine	details

Transporters

Enzyme Details

1. Solute carrier family 15 member 2

General function:: Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:: Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides
Gene Name:: SLC15A2
Uniprot ID:: Q16348
Molecular weight:: 81782.8

References

Teuscher NS, Keep RF, Smith DE: PEPT2-mediated uptake of neuropeptides in rat choroid plexus. Pharm Res. 2001 Jun;18(6):807-13. [PubMed:11474785 ]

Showing metabocard for Carnosine (HMDB0000033)

MOL for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

3D MOL for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

3D SDF for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

3D-SDF for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

PDB for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

3D PDB for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

SMILES for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

INCHI for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

Structure for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

3D Structure for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Derivatized

GC-MS Spectra

MS/MS Spectra

NMR Spectra

Enzymes

References

References

References

References

Reactions

Transporters

References