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Showing metabocard for Butyric acid (HMDB0000039)

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enzymes (16)transporters (1) Show 17 proteins
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:14:28 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000039
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00039
Metabolite Identification
Common NameButyric acid
DescriptionButyric acid is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) formed in the mammalian colon by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates (including dietary fibre). It is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid that appears as an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant (rancid butter) odor. The name butyric acid comes from the Greek word for "butter", the substance in which it was first found. Triglycerides of butyric acid constitute 3-4% of butter. When butter goes rancid, butyric acid is liberated from the short-chain triglycerides via hydrolysis. Butyric acid is a widely distributed SCFA and is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is present in animal fat and plant oils, bovine milk, breast milk, butter, parmesan cheese, body odor and vomit. While butyric acid has an unpleasant odor, it does have a pleasant buttery taste. As a result, butyric acid is used as a flavoring agent in food manufacturing. Low-molecular-weight esters of butyric acid, such as methyl butyrate, also have very pleasant aromas or tastes. As a result, several butyrate esters are used as food and perfume additives. Butyrate is naturally produced by fermentation processes performed by obligate anaerobic bacteria found in the mammalian gut. It is a metabolite of several bacterial genera including Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia (PMID: 12324374 ; PMID: 27446020 ). Highly-fermentable fiber residues, such as those from resistant starch, oat bran, pectin, and guar can be transformed by colonic bacteria into butyrate. One study found that resistant starch consistently produces more butyrate than other types of dietary fibre (PMID: 14747692 ). The production of butyrate from fibres in ruminant animals such as cattle is responsible for the butyrate content of milk and butter. Butyrate has a number of important biological functions and binds to several specific receptors. In humans, butyric acid is one of two primary endogenous agonists of human hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), a G protein-coupled receptor. Like other SCFAs, butyrate is also an agonist at the free fatty acid receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3, which function as nutrient sensors that facilitate the homeostatic control of energy balance. Butyrate is essential to host immune homeostasis (PMID: 25875123 ). Butyrate's effects on the immune system are mediated through the inhibition of class I histone deacetylases (specifically, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC8) and activation of its G-protein coupled receptor targets including HCA2, FFAR2 and FFAR3. Among the short-chain fatty acids, butyrate is the most potent promoter of intestinal regulatory T cells in vitro and the only SCFA that is an HCA2 ligand (PMID: 25741338 ). Butyrate has been shown to be a critical mediator of the colonic inflammatory response. It possesses both preventive and therapeutic potential to counteract inflammation-mediated ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. As a short-chain fatty acid, butyrate is metabolized by mitochondria as an energy source through fatty acid metabolism. In particular, it is an important energy source for cells lining the mammalian colon (colonocytes). Without butyrate, colon cells undergo autophagy (i.e., self-digestion) and die.
Structure
Data?1676999668
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0000039 (Butyric acid)


  Mrv1652303182019222D          

  6  5  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    2.0479    0.0957    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3332    0.5082    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6187    0.0957    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0957    0.5082    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8103    0.0957    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0957    1.3333    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  4  6  2  0  0  0  0
M  END
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3D MOL for HMDB0000039 (Butyric acid)

HMDB0000039
     RDKit          3D
Butyric acid
 14 13  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -1.9474   -0.2597   -0.0535 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5075   -0.4887   -0.5303 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.3111    0.6047    0.1277 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.7405    0.5191   -0.2380 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.5206    1.3660    0.2409 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.2280   -0.4601   -1.0840 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.8876   -0.2730    1.0671 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.1723    0.7966   -0.3170 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.6450   -0.9830   -0.4636 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.2079   -1.4978   -0.1919 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.4882   -0.4024   -1.6313 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1661    0.5541    1.2156 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0952    1.5760   -0.2119 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.9849   -1.0516   -0.7112 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  3  4  1  0
  4  5  2  0
  4  6  1  0
  1  7  1  0
  1  8  1  0
  1  9  1  0
  2 10  1  0
  2 11  1  0
  3 12  1  0
  3 13  1  0
  6 14  1  0
M  END
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3D SDF for HMDB0000039 (Butyric acid)


  Mrv1652303182019222D          

  6  5  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    2.0479    0.0957    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3332    0.5082    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6187    0.0957    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0957    0.5082    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8103    0.0957    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0957    1.3333    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  4  6  2  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0000039

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
CCCC(O)=O

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C4H8O2/c1-2-3-4(5)6/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,5,6)

> <INCHI_KEY>
FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C4H8O2

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
88.1051

> <EXACT_MASS>
88.0524295

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
14

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
9.216958179769016

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
butanoic acid

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
0.78

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
0.9217587976666666

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
0.43

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
-1

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
4.907922196332106

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
37.3

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
21.8716

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
2.39e+02 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
butyric acid

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
1

$$$$
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3D-SDF for HMDB0000039 (Butyric acid)

HMDB0000039
     RDKit          3D
Butyric acid
 14 13  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -1.9474   -0.2597   -0.0535 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5075   -0.4887   -0.5303 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.3111    0.6047    0.1277 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.7405    0.5191   -0.2380 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.5206    1.3660    0.2409 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.2280   -0.4601   -1.0840 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.8876   -0.2730    1.0671 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.1723    0.7966   -0.3170 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.6450   -0.9830   -0.4636 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.2079   -1.4978   -0.1919 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.4882   -0.4024   -1.6313 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1661    0.5541    1.2156 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0952    1.5760   -0.2119 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.9849   -1.0516   -0.7112 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  3  4  1  0
  4  5  2  0
  4  6  1  0
  1  7  1  0
  1  8  1  0
  1  9  1  0
  2 10  1  0
  2 11  1  0
  3 12  1  0
  3 13  1  0
  6 14  1  0
M  END
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PDB for HMDB0000039 (Butyric acid)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 18-MAR-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   18-MAR-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  C   UNK     0       3.823   0.179   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    2  C   UNK     0       2.489   0.949   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    3  C   UNK     0       1.155   0.179   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0      -0.179   0.949   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    5  O   UNK     0      -1.513   0.179   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    6  O   UNK     0      -0.179   2.489   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
CONECT    1    2                                                            
CONECT    2    1    3                                                       
CONECT    3    2    4                                                       
CONECT    4    3    5    6                                                  
CONECT    5    4                                                            
CONECT    6    4                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    6    0   10    0
END
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3D PDB for HMDB0000039 (Butyric acid)

COMPND    HMDB0000039
HETATM    1  C1  UNL     1      -1.947  -0.260  -0.053  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    2  C2  UNL     1      -0.508  -0.489  -0.530  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  C3  UNL     1       0.311   0.605   0.128  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    4  C4  UNL     1       1.741   0.519  -0.238  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  O1  UNL     1       2.521   1.366   0.241  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    6  O2  UNL     1       2.228  -0.460  -1.084  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    7  H1  UNL     1      -1.888  -0.273   1.067  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    8  H2  UNL     1      -2.172   0.797  -0.317  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    9  H3  UNL     1      -2.645  -0.983  -0.464  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   10  H4  UNL     1      -0.208  -1.498  -0.192  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   11  H5  UNL     1      -0.488  -0.402  -1.631  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   12  H6  UNL     1       0.166   0.554   1.216  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   13  H7  UNL     1      -0.095   1.576  -0.212  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   14  H8  UNL     1       2.985  -1.052  -0.711  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2    7    8    9
CONECT    2    3   10   11
CONECT    3    4   12   13
CONECT    4    5    5    6
CONECT    6   14
END
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SMILES for HMDB0000039 (Butyric acid)

CCCC(O)=O
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INCHI for HMDB0000039 (Butyric acid)

InChI=1S/C4H8O2/c1-2-3-4(5)6/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,5,6)
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View in JSmolView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
ValueSource
1-Butanoic acidChEBI
1-Butyric acidChEBI
1-Propanecarboxylic acidChEBI
4:0ChEBI
Acide butanoiqueChEBI
Acide butyriqueChEBI
Butanic acidChEBI
ButanoateChEBI
Butanoic acidChEBI
Butoic acidChEBI
ButtersaeureChEBI
C4:0ChEBI
CH3-[CH2]2-COOHChEBI
Ethylacetic acidChEBI
N-Butanoic acidChEBI
N-Butyric acidChEBI
Propanecarboxylic acidChEBI
Propylformic acidChEBI
ButyrateKegg
1-ButanoateGenerator
1-ButyrateGenerator
1-PropanecarboxylateGenerator
ButanateGenerator
ButoateGenerator
EthylacetateGenerator
N-ButanoateGenerator
N-ButyrateGenerator
PropanecarboxylateGenerator
PropylformateGenerator
Honey robberHMDB
Kyselina maselnaHMDB
Butyrate, magnesiumHMDB
Magnesium butyrateHMDB
Acid, butyricHMDB
Butyrate, sodiumHMDB
Dibutyrate, magnesiumHMDB
Magnesium dibutyrateHMDB
Sodium butyrateHMDB
Acid, butanoicHMDB
Butyric acid magnesium saltHMDB
Butyric acid, sodium saltHMDB
FA(4:0)HMDB
Butyric acidKEGG
Chemical FormulaC4H8O2
Average Molecular Weight88.1051
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight88.0524295
IUPAC Namebutanoic acid
Traditional Namebutyric acid
CAS Registry Number107-92-6
SMILES
CCCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C4H8O2/c1-2-3-4(5)6/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,5,6)
InChI KeyFERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as straight chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with a straight aliphatic chain.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassFatty Acyls
Sub ClassFatty acids and conjugates
Direct ParentStraight chain fatty acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Straight chain fatty acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Organoleptic effect
Disposition
Biological locationSource
Process
Naturally occurring process
Role
Biological roleIndustrial application
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point-5.7 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility60 mg/mLNot Available
LogP0.79HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility239 g/LALOGPS
logP0.78ALOGPS
logP0.92ChemAxon
logS0.43ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.91ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity21.87 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability9.22 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+116.23331661259
DarkChem[M-H]-110.91931661259
AllCCS[M+H]+123.48632859911
AllCCS[M-H]-127.74432859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+134.64930932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-131.85230932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-168.41430932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+142.87830932474
AllCCS[M+H]+123.532859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+119.032859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+127.632859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+128.832859911
AllCCS[M-H]-127.732859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-132.432859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-137.432859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Butyric acidCCCC(O)=O1578.3Standard polar33892256
Butyric acidCCCC(O)=O776.2Standard non polar33892256
Butyric acidCCCC(O)=O799.9Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Butyric acid,1TMS,isomer #1CCCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C880.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Butyric acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1CCCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1084.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Butyric acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-03dl-9000000000-6dc57ea0c6b21d3f8aa12017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Butyric acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-03dl-9000000000-032fc35b394786b5896a2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Butyric acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-03dl-9000000000-6dc57ea0c6b21d3f8aa12018-05-18HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Butyric acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-03dl-9000000000-032fc35b394786b5896a2018-05-18HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Butyric acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-002f-9000000000-a7792b54320e7c8597312016-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Butyric acid GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00fr-9100000000-d125b331c4a6d37648a12017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Butyric acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Butyric acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-03di-9000000000-5338ff8a9c4e59150aba2014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid Quattro_QQQ 10V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-7f461db56bfd8568ec712012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid Quattro_QQQ 25V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-66f857fa612f773837bc2012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid Quattro_QQQ 40V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-e6689b2e6bf21570b9342012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positive-QTOFsplash10-03dl-9000000000-b2ffa7d67b2466dea94f2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid EI-B (HITACHI M-80B) , Positive-QTOFsplash10-03dl-9000000000-7467bf19c64fd3f511052012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-9ae015043b014b3c93d92012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-e30b3c6bd6218b9b49e12012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-efbb0e35a19a1713240b2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-9ae015043b014b3c93d92017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-e30b3c6bd6218b9b49e12017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-efbb0e35a19a1713240b2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-acb5cf0017a9ee680dd82015-05-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00dl-9000000000-812e24462a71dccb0fec2015-05-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-f9d30338ca1ee94099642015-05-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-9d749b6b6cf2f93a8f852015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00ku-9000000000-ee742730266fb49977772015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-88fc445cddcb726e93d82015-05-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-4b3590a18d40d4d58a012021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014r-9000000000-140190568a3f2b3c6f012021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00kf-9000000000-1f7dab1fbd0179ef6d172021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00dl-9000000000-020fcfb652dc5a6f30362021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-3e4b1bc1291a3fbf86c92021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyric acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-1f57e9adb6de1499caf52021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
  • Mitochondria
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Breast Milk
  • Breath
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Neuron
  • Prostate
  • Skeletal Muscle
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified1.0 (0.3- 1.5) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
Breast MilkDetected and Quantified192 +/- 149 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal		 details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified1.4 (0-2.8) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified4440-11900 nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified12400 (4000-53000) nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified6350 +/- 3130 nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified0-56788.237 nmol/g wet fecesChildren (1-13 years old)Not Specified
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified80 +/- 120 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified130 +/- 250 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified130 +/- 270 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified110 +/- 300 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified12.5 +/- 8.39 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified13.3 +/- 12.8 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified110 +/- 310 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified170 +/- 600 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified18.3 +/- 13.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified70 +/- 140 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified277.27 +/- 199.47 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1470 (0.00-2940) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.6 (0.5-4.0) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.131 +/- 0.013 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified3.2 (0.0-6.4) umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified42.0 (21.0-81.0) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.002 +/- 2.176 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.06-0.86 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.25 +/- 0.15 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.34 +/- 0.20 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BreathDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedAsthma details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (1-13 years old)BothAutism details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (1-13 years old)BothPervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Colorectal cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Femaleankylosing spondylitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Femalerheumatoid arthritis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothCrohns disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Intestinal infections		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedInfant (0-1 year old)Not SpecifiedGenetically At-Risk of celiac disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Campylobacter jejuni infection		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)FemaleMyalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Clostridium difficile infection		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Ulcerative Colitis		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Irritable bowel syndrome		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Ulcerative colitis		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - <8 years old)Femalejuvenile idiopathic arthritis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specifiedasymptomatic diverticulosis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specifiedsymptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Crohn's disease		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Ulcerative colitis		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified0.0122 (0.000250-0.0173) nmol/g wet fecesInfant (0-1 year old)Not Specified
Crohns disease		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified0.00192 (0.000045-0.0152) nmol/g wet fecesNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Ulcerative colitis		 details
FecesDetected and Quantified0.00713 (0.000942-0.0155) nmol/g wet fecesNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Irritable bowel syndrome		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal Cancer details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Crohn’s Disease		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Ulcerative Colitis		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothCrohns disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothCrohns disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected and Quantified0-149026.560 nmol/g wet fecesChildren (1-13 years old)Not Specified
Treated celiac disease		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)FemaleInterstitial cystitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothImmunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) non progressor details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothImmunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) progressor details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal cancer details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified20.5 +/- 16.5 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothDental caries
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.18 +/- 0.044 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothAIDS details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.256 +/- 3.945 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Asthma
  1. Dallinga JW, Robroeks CM, van Berkel JJ, Moonen EJ, Godschalk RW, Jobsis Q, Dompeling E, Wouters EF, van Schooten FJ: Volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as a diagnostic tool for asthma in children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010 Jan;40(1):68-76. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03343.x. Epub 2009 Sep 28. [PubMed:19793086 ]
Crohn's disease
  1. Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51. [PubMed:17269711 ]
  2. Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6. [PubMed:23867873 ]
  3. Bjerrum JT, Wang Y, Hao F, Coskun M, Ludwig C, Gunther U, Nielsen OH: Metabonomics of human fecal extracts characterize ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. Metabolomics. 2015;11:122-133. Epub 2014 Jun 1. [PubMed:25598765 ]
  4. Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25. [PubMed:26806034 ]
Ulcerative colitis
  1. Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51. [PubMed:17269711 ]
  2. Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, White P, Spencer R, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM: Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007 Jun;21(8):1675-88. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [PubMed:17314143 ]
  3. Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
  4. Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6. [PubMed:23867873 ]
  5. Bjerrum JT, Wang Y, Hao F, Coskun M, Ludwig C, Gunther U, Nielsen OH: Metabonomics of human fecal extracts characterize ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. Metabolomics. 2015;11:122-133. Epub 2014 Jun 1. [PubMed:25598765 ]
  6. Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25. [PubMed:26806034 ]
Colorectal cancer
  1. Monleon D, Morales JM, Barrasa A, Lopez JA, Vazquez C, Celda B: Metabolite profiling of fecal water extracts from human colorectal cancer. NMR Biomed. 2009 Apr;22(3):342-8. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1345. [PubMed:19006102 ]
  2. Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP: Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070803. Print 2013. [PubMed:23940645 ]
  3. Lin Y, Ma C, Liu C, Wang Z, Yang J, Liu X, Shen Z, Wu R: NMR-based fecal metabolomics fingerprinting as predictors of earlier diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 May 17;7(20):29454-64. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8762. [PubMed:27107423 ]
  4. Wang X, Wang J, Rao B, Deng L: Gut flora profiling and fecal metabolite composition of colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Jun;13(6):2848-2854. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4367. Epub 2017 Apr 20. [PubMed:28587349 ]
  5. Silke Matysik, Caroline Ivanne Le Roy, Gerhard Liebisch, Sandrine Paule Claus. Metabolomics of fecal samples: A practical consideration. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Vol. 57, Part B, Nov. 2016, p.244-255 [Link]
Irritable bowel syndrome
  1. Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
  2. Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6. [PubMed:23867873 ]
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  1. Raman M, Ahmed I, Gillevet PM, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM, Smith S, Greenwood R, Sikaroodi M, Lam V, Crotty P, Bailey J, Myers RP, Rioux KP: Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jul;11(7):868-75.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.02.015. Epub 2013 Feb 27. [PubMed:23454028 ]
Celiac disease
  1. Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, De Pasquale I, Ndagijimana M, Vernocchi P, Ricciuti P, Gagliardi F, Laghi L, Crecchio C, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization. BMC Microbiol. 2011 Oct 4;11:219. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-219. [PubMed:21970810 ]
Autism
  1. De Angelis M, Piccolo M, Vannini L, Siragusa S, De Giacomo A, Serrazzanetti DI, Cristofori F, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 9;8(10):e76993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076993. eCollection 2013. [PubMed:24130822 ]
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
  1. De Angelis M, Piccolo M, Vannini L, Siragusa S, De Giacomo A, Serrazzanetti DI, Cristofori F, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 9;8(10):e76993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076993. eCollection 2013. [PubMed:24130822 ]
Bladder infections
  1. Braundmeier-Fleming A, Russell NT, Yang W, Nas MY, Yaggie RE, Berry M, Bachrach L, Flury SC, Marko DS, Bushell CB, Welge ME, White BA, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ: Stool-based biomarkers of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Sci Rep. 2016 May 18;6:26083. doi: 10.1038/srep26083. [PubMed:27188581 ]
Diverticular disease
  1. Tursi A, Mastromarino P, Capobianco D, Elisei W, Miccheli A, Capuani G, Tomassini A, Campagna G, Picchio M, Giorgetti G, Fabiocchi F, Brandimarte G: Assessment of Fecal Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome in Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease of the Colon. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016 Oct;50 Suppl 1:S9-S12. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000626. [PubMed:27622378 ]
Rheumatoid arthritis
  1. Tie-juan ShaoZhi-xing HeZhi-jun XieHai-chang LiMei-jiao WangCheng-ping Wen. Characterization of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis using 1H NMR-based metabolomics of human fecal extracts. Metabolomics. April 2016, 12:70 [Link]
Enteritis
  1. Probert CS, Jones PR, Ratcliffe NM: A novel method for rapidly diagnosing the causes of diarrhoea. Gut. 2004 Jan;53(1):58-61. [PubMed:14684577 ]
AIDS
  1. Stein TP, Koerner B, Schluter MD, Leskiw MJ, Gaprindachvilli T, Richards EW, Cope FO, Condolucci D: Weight loss, the gut and the inflammatory response in aids patients. Cytokine. 1997 Feb;9(2):143-7. [PubMed:9071566 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB03568
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB031031
KNApSAcK IDC00001180
Chemspider ID259
KEGG Compound IDC00246
BioCyc IDBUTYRIC_ACID
BiGG ID34376
Wikipedia LinkButyric_acid
METLIN ID107
PubChem Compound264
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID30772
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDBUT
MarkerDB IDMDB00000020
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceShan, Zhiping. Preparation of butyric acid by hydrogenation of maleic anhydride. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. (2008), 6pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. McMillan L, Butcher SK, Pongracz J, Lord JM: Opposing effects of butyrate and bile acids on apoptosis of human colon adenoma cells: differential activation of PKC and MAP kinases. Br J Cancer. 2003 Mar 10;88(5):748-53. [PubMed:12618885 ]
  2. Bauer G: Induction of Epstein-Barr virus early antigens by corticosteroids: inhibition by TPA and retinoic acid. Int J Cancer. 1983 Mar 15;31(3):291-5. [PubMed:6826253 ]
  3. Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [PubMed:12097436 ]
  4. McIntosh GH, Noakes M, Royle PJ, Foster PR: Whole-grain rye and wheat foods and markers of bowel health in overweight middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Apr;77(4):967-74. [PubMed:12663299 ]
  5. Schwiertz A, Lehmann U, Jacobasch G, Blaut M: Influence of resistant starch on the SCFA production and cell counts of butyrate-producing Eubacterium spp. in the human intestine. J Appl Microbiol. 2002;93(1):157-62. [PubMed:12067385 ]
  6. Bauer G, Hofler P, Simon M: Epstein-Barr virus induction by a serum factor. Characterization of the purified factor and the mechanism of its activation. J Biol Chem. 1982 Oct 10;257(19):11411-5. [PubMed:6288683 ]
  7. Jin SE, Ban E, Kim YB, Kim CK: Development of HPLC method for the determination of levosulpiride in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2004 Jun 29;35(4):929-36. [PubMed:15193738 ]
  8. Welters CF, Heineman E, Thunnissen FB, van den Bogaard AE, Soeters PB, Baeten CG: Effect of dietary inulin supplementation on inflammation of pouch mucosa in patients with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 May;45(5):621-7. [PubMed:12004211 ]
  9. Kurita-Ochiai T, Seto S, Ochiai K: Role of cell-cell communication in inhibiting butyric acid-induced T-cell apoptosis. Infect Immun. 2004 Oct;72(10):5947-54. [PubMed:15385498 ]
  10. Cruz HG, Ivanova T, Lunn ML, Stoffel M, Slesinger PA, Luscher C: Bi-directional effects of GABA(B) receptor agonists on the mesolimbic dopamine system. Nat Neurosci. 2004 Feb;7(2):153-9. Epub 2004 Jan 25. [PubMed:14745451 ]
  11. Yonemura K, Sairenji T, Hinuma Y: Inhibitory effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine on synthesis of Epstein-Barr virus. Microbiol Immunol. 1981;25(6):557-63. [PubMed:6268944 ]
  12. Teichert J, Tuemmers T, Achenbach H, Preiss C, Hermann R, Ruus P, Preiss R: Pharmacokinetics of alpha-lipoic acid in subjects with severe kidney damage and end-stage renal disease. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;45(3):313-28. [PubMed:15703366 ]
  13. Rephaeli A, Blank-Porat D, Tarasenko N, Entin-Meer M, Levovich I, Cutts SM, Phillips DR, Malik Z, Nudelman A: In vivo and in vitro antitumor activity of butyroyloxymethyl-diethyl phosphate (AN-7), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in human prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 2005 Aug 20;116(2):226-35. [PubMed:15800932 ]
  14. Kurita-Ochiai T, Ochiai K, Suzuki N, Otsuka K, Fukushima K: Human gingival fibroblasts rescue butyric acid-induced T-cell apoptosis. Infect Immun. 2002 May;70(5):2361-7. [PubMed:11953371 ]
  15. Jacobasch G, Jacobasch KH: [Molecular etiology of colorectal carcinogenesis, clinical manifestations and therapy]. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich. 1997 Mar;91(2):125-33. [PubMed:9244653 ]
  16. Velazquez OC, Lederer HM, Rombeau JL: Butyrate and the colonocyte. Production, absorption, metabolism, and therapeutic implications. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;427:123-34. [PubMed:9361838 ]
  17. Kawanishi M, Ito Y: Effect of short-chain fatty acids on Epstein-Barr virus early and viral capsid antigen induction in P3HR-1 cells. Cancer Lett. 1980 Dec;11(2):129-32. [PubMed:6257378 ]
  18. Stein TP, Koerner B, Schluter MD, Leskiw MJ, Gaprindachvilli T, Richards EW, Cope FO, Condolucci D: Weight loss, the gut and the inflammatory response in aids patients. Cytokine. 1997 Feb;9(2):143-7. [PubMed:9071566 ]
  19. Sengupta S, Muir JG, Gibson PR: Does butyrate protect from colorectal cancer? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jan;21(1 Pt 2):209-18. [PubMed:16460475 ]
  20. Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
  21. Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
  22. Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
  23. Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
  24. Duncan SH, Barcenilla A, Stewart CS, Pryde SE, Flint HJ: Acetate utilization and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA):acetate-CoA transferase in butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Oct;68(10):5186-90. [PubMed:12324374 ]
  25. Riviere A, Selak M, Lantin D, Leroy F, De Vuyst L: Bifidobacteria and Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria: Importance and Strategies for Their Stimulation in the Human Gut. Front Microbiol. 2016 Jun 28;7:979. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00979. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27446020 ]
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  27. Kasubuchi M, Hasegawa S, Hiramatsu T, Ichimura A, Kimura I: Dietary gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and host metabolic regulation. Nutrients. 2015 Apr 14;7(4):2839-49. doi: 10.3390/nu7042839. [PubMed:25875123 ]
  28. Hoeppli RE, Wu D, Cook L, Levings MK: The environment of regulatory T cell biology: cytokines, metabolites, and the microbiome. Front Immunol. 2015 Feb 18;6:61. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00061. eCollection 2015. [PubMed:25741338 ]
  29. Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 17 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate. Is also able to catalyze the glucuronidation of 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 1-hydroxypyrene, 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, paranitrophenol, scopoletin, and umbelliferone.
Gene Name:
UGT1A1
Uniprot ID:
P22309
Molecular weight:
59590.91
Reactions
Butyric acid → 6-(butanoyloxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic aciddetails
Enzyme Details
2. Cholinesterase
General function:
Involved in carboxylesterase activity
Specific function:
Esterase with broad substrate specificity. Contributes to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can degrade neurotoxic organophosphate esters.
Gene Name:
BCHE
Uniprot ID:
P06276
Molecular weight:
68417.575
Enzyme Details
3. Tumor necrosis factor
General function:
Involved in tumor necrosis factor receptor binding
Specific function:
Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation
Gene Name:
TNF
Uniprot ID:
P01375
Molecular weight:
25644.1
References
  1. Fukae J, Amasaki Y, Yamashita Y, Bohgaki T, Yasuda S, Jodo S, Atsumi T, Koike T: Butyrate suppresses tumor necrosis factor alpha production by regulating specific messenger RNA degradation mediated through a cis-acting AU-rich element. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Sep;52(9):2697-707. [PubMed:16142751 ]
Enzyme Details
4. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
General function:
Involved in DNA binding
Specific function:
Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis
Gene Name:
PPARG
Uniprot ID:
P37231
Molecular weight:
57619.6
References
  1. Schwab M, Reynders V, Ulrich S, Zahn N, Stein J, Schroder O: PPARgamma is a key target of butyrate-induced caspase-3 activation in the colorectal cancer cell line Caco-2. Apoptosis. 2006 Oct;11(10):1801-11. [PubMed:16927016 ]
Enzyme Details
5. Histone deacetylase 4
General function:
Involved in histone deacetylase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Involved in muscle maturation via its interaction with the myocyte enhancer factors such as MEF2A, MEF2C and MEF2D
Gene Name:
HDAC4
Uniprot ID:
P56524
Molecular weight:
119038.9
References
  1. Ishihara K, Takahashi A, Kaneko M, Sugeno H, Hirasawa N, Hong J, Zee O, Ohuchi K: Differentiation of eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cells into eosinophils induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Life Sci. 2007 Mar 6;80(13):1213-20. Epub 2007 Jan 11. [PubMed:17258775 ]
Enzyme Details
6. Histone deacetylase 9
General function:
Involved in histone deacetylase activity
Specific function:
Isoform 3 lacks active site residues and therefore is catalytically inactive. Represses MEF2-dependent transcription by recruiting HDAC1 and/or HDAC3. Seems to inhibit skeletal myogenesis and to be involved in heart development. Protects neurons from apoptosis, both by inhibiting JUN phosphorylation by MAPK10 and by repressing JUN transcription via HDAC1 recruitment to JUN promoter
Gene Name:
HDAC9
Uniprot ID:
Q9UKV0
Molecular weight:
111296.3
References
  1. Ishihara K, Takahashi A, Kaneko M, Sugeno H, Hirasawa N, Hong J, Zee O, Ohuchi K: Differentiation of eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cells into eosinophils induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Life Sci. 2007 Mar 6;80(13):1213-20. Epub 2007 Jan 11. [PubMed:17258775 ]
Enzyme Details
7. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM1, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Has medium-chain fatty acid:CoA ligase activity with broad substrate specificity (in vitro). Acts on acids from C(4) to C(11) and on the corresponding 3-hydroxy- and 2,3- or 3,4-unsaturated acids (in vitro). Functions as GTP-dependent lipoate-activating enzyme that generates the substrate for lipoyltransferase (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ACSM1
Uniprot ID:
Q08AH1
Molecular weight:
65272.74
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Butyric acid + Coenzyme A → Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Butyryl-CoAdetails
Enzyme Details
8. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM6, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ACSM6
Uniprot ID:
Q6P461
Molecular weight:
53584.545
Enzyme Details
9. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2A, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Has medium-chain fatty acid:CoA ligase activity with broad substrate specificity (in vitro). Acts on acids from C(4) to C(11) and on the corresponding 3-hydroxy- and 2,3- or 3,4-unsaturated acids (in vitro) (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ACSM2A
Uniprot ID:
Q08AH3
Molecular weight:
64223.7
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Butyric acid + Coenzyme A → Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Butyryl-CoAdetails
Enzyme Details
10. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2B, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Has medium-chain fatty acid:CoA ligase activity with broad substrate specificity (in vitro). Acts on acids from C(4) to C(11) and on the corresponding 3-hydroxy- and 2,3- or 3,4-unsaturated acids (in vitro).
Gene Name:
ACSM2B
Uniprot ID:
Q68CK6
Molecular weight:
64270.78
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Butyric acid + Coenzyme A → Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Butyryl-CoAdetails

Transporters

Enzyme Details
1. Monocarboxylate transporter 1
General function:
Involved in transmembrane transport
Specific function:
Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine, valine and isoleucine, and the ketone bodies acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate
Gene Name:
SLC16A1
Uniprot ID:
P53985
Molecular weight:
53957.7
References
  1. Borthakur A, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Ramaswamy K, Dudeja PK: Regulation of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) promoter by butyrate in human intestinal epithelial cells: involvement of NF-kappaB pathway. J Cell Biochem. 2008 Apr 1;103(5):1452-63. [PubMed:17786924 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 17 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters