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Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Biological properties Concentrations Links References enzymes (41)transporters (1) Show 42 proteins XML

enzymes (41)transporters (1) Show 42 proteins

Record Information

Version

5.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC

Update Date

2020-11-09 23:12:17 UTC

HMDB ID

HMDB0000131

Secondary Accession Numbers

HMDB00131

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Glycerol

Description

Glycerol or glycerin is a colourless, odourless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and mostly non-toxic. It is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener and humectant and in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol is an important component of triglycerides (i.e. fats and oils) and of phospholipids. Glycerol is a three-carbon substance that forms the backbone of fatty acids in fats. When the body uses stored fat as a source of energy, glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream. The glycerol component can be converted into glucose by the liver and provides energy for cellular metabolism. Normally, glycerol shows very little acute toxicity and very high oral doses or acute exposures can be tolerated. On the other hand, chronically high levels of glycerol in the blood are associated with glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD). GKD causes the condition known as hyperglycerolemia, an accumulation of glycerol in the blood and urine. There are three clinically distinct forms of GKD: infantile, juvenile, and adult. The infantile form is the most severe and is associated with vomiting, lethargy, severe developmental delay, and adrenal insufficiency. The mechanisms of glycerol toxicity in infants are not known, but it appears to shift metabolism towards chronic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated GKD. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. Patients with the adult form of GKD generally have no symptoms and are often detected fortuitously.

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

View in JSmol View Stereo Labels

Synonyms

Value	Source
1,2,3-Propanetriol	ChEBI
1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane	ChEBI
Glycerin	ChEBI
Glycerine	ChEBI
Glyceritol	ChEBI
Glycerolum	ChEBI
Glycyl alcohol	ChEBI
Glyzerin	ChEBI
Gro	ChEBI
Oelsuess	ChEBI
Propanetriol	ChEBI
Trihydroxypropane	ChEBI
Concentrated glycerin	Kegg
Glycerin, concentrated	Kegg
Bulbold	HMDB
Cristal	HMDB
e 422	HMDB
Emery 916	HMDB
Glyceol opthalgan	HMDB
Glyrol	HMDB
Glysanin	HMDB
IFP	HMDB
Incorporation factor	HMDB
Mackstat H 66	HMDB
Osmoglyn	HMDB
Pricerine 9091	HMDB
RG-S	HMDB
Tryhydroxypropane	HMDB
2,5-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	HMDB
2-(3,6-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)acetIC ACID	HMDB
2,5-Dihydroxyphenylacetate	HMDB
2-(3,6-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)acetate	HMDB
Homogentisate	HMDB
(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-acetate	HMDB
(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-acetic acid	HMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-a-toluate	HMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-a-toluic acid	HMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-alpha-toluate	HMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-alpha-toluic acid	HMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-benzeneacetate	HMDB
2,5-Dihydroxy-benzeneacetic acid	HMDB
Alcapton	HMDB
Homogentisate acid	HMDB
Homogentisinate	HMDB
Homogentisinic acid	HMDB
Melanic acid	HMDB
Acid, homogentisic	HMDB
GlcAa	HMDB
GlcAalpha	HMDB
D-Glucuronate	HMDB
alpha-D-Glucopyranuronic acid	HMDB
alpha-D-Glucuronic acid	HMDB
alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid	HMDB
alpha-delta-Glucuronic acid	HMDB
D-(+)-Glucuronate	HMDB
D-(+)-Glucuronic acid	HMDB
delta-(+)-Glucuronate	HMDB
delta-(+)-Glucuronic acid	HMDB
delta-Glucuronate	HMDB
GCU	HMDB
Glucosiduronate	HMDB
Glucosiduronic acid	HMDB
Glucuronate	HMDB
Glucuronic acid	HMDB
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acid	HMDB
(e)-2-Butenedioic acid	HMDB
e297	HMDB
Fumarsaeure	HMDB
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid	HMDB
trans-But-2-enedioic acid	HMDB
trans-Butenedioic acid	HMDB
(2E)-2-Butenedioate	HMDB
(e)-2-Butenedioate	HMDB
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate	HMDB
trans-But-2-enedioate	HMDB
trans-Butenedioate	HMDB
Fumarate	HMDB
(2E)-But-2-enedioate	HMDB
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid	HMDB
2-(e)-Butenedioate	HMDB
2-(e)-Butenedioic acid	HMDB
Allomaleate	HMDB
Allomaleic acid	HMDB
Boletate	HMDB
Boletic acid	HMDB
FC 33	HMDB
Lichenate	HMDB
Lichenic acid	HMDB
Sodium fumarate	HMDB
trans-2-Butenedioate	HMDB
trans-2-Butenedioic acid	HMDB
Furamag	HMDB
Ammonium fumarate	HMDB
Magnesium fumarate	HMDB
Mafusol	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₃H₈O₃

Average Molecular Weight

92.0938

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

92.047344122

IUPAC Name

propane-1,2,3-triol

Traditional Name

glycerol

CAS Registry Number

56-81-5

SMILES

OCC(O)CO

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C3H8O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h3-6H,1-2H2

InChI Key

PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar alcohols. These are hydrogenated forms of carbohydrate in which the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic oxygen compounds

Class

Organooxygen compounds

Sub Class

Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates

Direct Parent

Sugar alcohols

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Sugar alcohol
Secondary alcohol
Polyol
Hydrocarbon derivative
Primary alcohol
Alcohol
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

triol (CHEBI:17754 )
alditol (CHEBI:17754 )
Glycerols (C00116 )
a sugar alcohol (GLYCEROL )

Ontology

Physiological effect

Adverse health effect

Digestive system disorder

Gastrointestinal disorder

Upper GI Disorder

Eosinophilic esophagitis

Endocrine system disorder

Diabetes mellitus - Reduced in human blood (PMID: 12067838 ).

Genetic disorder

Inborn errors of metabolism

Glycerol kinase deficiency - Elevated in human urine (PMID: 32966057 ). - Elevated in human blood (PMID: 9007327 ).
Galactosemia

Ingestion

Process

Naturally occurring process

Biological process

System process

Pregnancy

Biochemical pathway

Metabolic pathway

Physical Properties

State

Liquid

Experimental Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	20 °C	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	1000 mg/mL	Not Available
LogP	-1.76	HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)

Experimental Spectral Properties

Not Available

Predicted Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	1170 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	10^(-1.9) g/L	ALOGPS
logP	10^(-1.8) g/L	ChemAxon
logS	10^(1.1) g/L	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	13.61	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-3	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	3	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	60.69 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	2	ChemAxon
Refractivity	20.52 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	8.93 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted Spectral Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

Predictor	Adduct Type	CCS Value (Å²)	Reference
DarkChem	[M+H]+	117.212	31661259
DarkChem	[M-H]-	110.834	31661259
AllCCS	[M+H]+	125.757	32859911
AllCCS	[M-H]-	124.438	32859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Derivatized

Derivative Name / Structure	SMILES	Kovats RI Value	Column Type	Reference
Glycerol,1TMS,#1	C[Si](C)(C)OCC(O)CO	1077.2	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Glycerol,1TMS,#2	C[Si](C)(C)OC(CO)CO	1062.0	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Glycerol,2TMS,#1	C[Si](C)(C)OCC(CO)O[Si](C)(C)C	1184.5	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Glycerol,2TMS,#2	C[Si](C)(C)OCC(O)CO[Si](C)(C)C	1183.4	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Glycerol,3TMS,#1	C[Si](C)(C)OCC(CO[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C	1278.1	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Glycerol,1TBDMS,#1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OCC(O)CO	1316.0	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Glycerol,1TBDMS,#2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(CO)CO	1299.9	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Glycerol,2TBDMS,#1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OCC(CO)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	1614.5	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Glycerol,2TBDMS,#2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OCC(O)CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	1618.2	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Glycerol,3TBDMS,#1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OCC(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	1884.8	Semi standard non polar	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712

Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	Source	View
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-0fr2-0910000000-6497c0870b71585c6322	2014-06-16	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-0ktb-0920000000-93408d69acffad6f48af	2014-06-16	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-05mk-0940000000-778ba583836705f8fdf4	2014-06-16	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00kb-0920000000-2e4b358941c660851f0a	2014-06-16	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-00dj-6920000000-6828d7b00cb31e84fac1	2014-06-16	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-MS (3 TMS)	splash10-0le9-0940000000-e0b9bada9be26d720326	2014-06-16	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-01ox-9000000000-3fe0c184a891364773a8	2017-09-12	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0fr2-0930000000-470b6694b25fde40d80f	2017-09-12	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0fr2-0910000000-6497c0870b71585c6322	2017-09-12	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ktb-0920000000-93408d69acffad6f48af	2017-09-12	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-05mk-0940000000-778ba583836705f8fdf4	2017-09-12	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00kb-0920000000-2e4b358941c660851f0a	2017-09-12	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00dj-6920000000-6828d7b00cb31e84fac1	2017-09-12	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0le9-0940000000-e0b9bada9be26d720326	2017-09-12	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00kb-0920000000-085a71f40d38f2729036	2017-09-12	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-01qc-9000000000-80cdb8c006ea00f55a64	2016-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-MS (3 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0q4u-9280000000-1487e8921bcecbde6458	2017-10-06	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Glycerol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-01ox-9000000000-3706109441e6d3017895	2014-09-20	Not Available	View Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	Source	View
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-d7c139dc01453f61eb99	2012-07-24	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)	splash10-0a4l-9000000000-7d7844b4813b038012da	2012-07-24	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)	splash10-0udi-9100000000-16029dbe79f139ab904a	2012-07-24	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positive-QTOF	splash10-01ox-9000000000-3fe0c184a891364773a8	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 10V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-0006-9000000000-a638e26fe3c3f48563c2	2015-05-27	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 20V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-004l-9000000000-d3fd9e9abd911eb0f88e	2015-05-27	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 40V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-0a6r-9000000000-ca218dca3a5d86196d81	2015-05-27	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 10V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0006-9000000000-b40367f5ca8d11288fbe	2015-05-27	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 20V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0006-9000000000-ba29a0647084e32d8704	2015-05-27	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 40V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0abc-9000000000-4cd85379d414c16f95c0	2015-05-27	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 10V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-1614392356273cb2b6a0	2021-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 20V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-9561fb02d4c00eb6eac1	2021-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 40V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4l-9000000000-7fe914cba67cae807300	2021-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 10V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-94d8bba653e2eee46dc3	2021-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 20V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-0c6df256e26adb060cbd	2021-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Glycerol 40V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-052e-9000000000-edf49773503421d3897a	2021-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Deposition Date	Source	View
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H]-TOCSY 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)	2012-12-04	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	2012-12-04	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Extracellular
Mitochondria

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Feces
Saliva
Sweat
Urine

Tissue Locations

Adipose Tissue
Bladder
Brain
Epidermis
Kidney
Liver
Neuron
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Skeletal Muscle
Spleen
Testis
Thyroid Gland

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank	KEGG
Glycerolipid Metabolism
Galactose Metabolism
Glycerol Kinase Deficiency		Not Available
D-glyceric acidura		Not Available
Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency		Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	22007635	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	40.0 +/- 19.0 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	43.0 +/- 9.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	50.0 +/- 16.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	32966057	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	39.0 +/- 9.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	12067838	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	68.0 (33.0 - 139.0) uM	Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Normal	688619	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	80-230 uM	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	9007327	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	284.6(213.9) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	26010610	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	331.2-532.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21359215	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	50 +/- 16 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	43 +/- 9 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	53.0 (28.0-102.0) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	688619	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	431.6 +/- 100.4 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21359215	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	17.5 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	18953024	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	39 +/- 14 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	18502700	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	13.5 (11.0 - 16.0) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	22411374	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	28587349	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Mette S. Sch...	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21761941	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	22944170	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24029555	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Christopher ...	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	18052033	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	25985090	details
Feces	Detected and Quantified	6176 nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	26416813	details
Feces	Detected and Quantified	22911 nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	26416813	details
Feces	Detected and Quantified	20467 nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	26416813	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	27065191	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	17269711	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	27543620	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	20669995	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	29808030	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	25037050	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	18085514	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	23940645	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	12097436	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	167.46 +/- 122.40 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Zerihun T. Dame, ...	details
Sweat	Detected and Quantified	3000– 10800 uM	Adult (60 years old)	Male	Normal	22194922	details
Sweat	Detected and Quantified	730 uM	Adult (40 years old)	Male	Normal	22194922	details
Sweat	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult	Both	Normal	26755145	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	13 (4-19) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	<20 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	9007327	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	17.0 +/- 43.4 umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	14708889	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	11.5 +/- 138.5 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	14708889	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	9.9 +/- 16.8 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	14708889	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	5.1 +/- 8.8 umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Both	Normal	14708889	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	19.6 +/- 34.9 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	14708889	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	18.9 +/- 351.8 umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	14708889	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	11.6 +/- 858 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	14708889	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.4 +/- 21.6 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	14708889	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	6.2 +/- 56.7 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	14708889	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	5.7 +/- 9.8 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	14708889	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	40.817 +/- 24.266 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	32966057	details

Abnormal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Schizophrenia	22007635	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	133.9 +/- 87.8 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Heart Transplant	21359215	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	281.8 +/- 111.7 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18	23535240	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	194.3 +/- 157.44 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	23535240	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	166.5 (42.5) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Early preeclampsia	22494326	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	484.2 (341.4) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	22494326	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	16.0 +/- 6.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Diabetes	12067838	details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	25105552	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	4500-7900 uM	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Glycerol kinase deficiency	9007327	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	124.62 (45.58) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect	24704061	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	133.9(34.38) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	24704061	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	800.7 (541.7) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Late-onset preeclampsia	23159745	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	346.48(169.89) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction	26010610	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	312 (296.8) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	23159745	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	436.26(235.59) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction	26010610	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	4300.0 (1300.0 +/- 7900.0) uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Glycerol Kinase Deficiency	15026783	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	205.7 (57.44) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Down syndrome pregnancy	23313728	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	203.1 (79.9) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	23313728	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Irritable bowel syndrome	21761941	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Ulcerative colitis	21761941	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Not Specified	Not Specified	Cryptosporidium infection	22944170	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome	Christopher ...	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	25037050	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	27015276	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	25105552	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Crohn’s Disease	17269711	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Ulcerative Colitis	17269711	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Crohn's disease	17269711	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	23940645	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	23940645	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal Cancer	27275383	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Bladder cancer	28157703	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	22000-59000 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Glycerol kinase deficiency	20110216	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	8400-28300 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Glycerol kinase deficiency	9007327	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4000-28000 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Glycerol Kinase Deficiency	6299616	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	75.585 +/- 55.786 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details

Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease References

Glycerol kinase deficiency
Sjarif DR, Hellerud C, van Amstel JK, Kleijer WJ, Sperl W, Lacombe D, Sass JO, Beemer FA, Duran M, Poll-The BT: Glycerol kinase deficiency: residual activity explained by reduced transcription and enzyme conformation. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004 Jun;12(6):424-32. [PubMed:15026783 ] Eriksson A, Lindstedt S, Ransnas L, von Wendt L: Deficiency of glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30). Clin Chem. 1983 Apr;29(4):718-22. [PubMed:6299616 ] Blomquist HK, Dahl N, Gustafsson L, Hellerud C, Holme E, Holmgren G, Matsson L, von Zweigbergk M: Glycerol kinase deficiency in two brothers with and without clinical manifestations. Clin Genet. 1996 Nov;50(5):375-9. [PubMed:9007327 ] Ramanjam V, Delport S, Wilmshurst JM: The diagnostic difficulties of complex glycerol kinase deficiency. J Child Neurol. 2010 Oct;25(10):1269-71. doi: 10.1177/0883073809357240. Epub 2010 Jan 28. [PubMed:20110216 ] G.Frauendienst-Egger, Friedrich K. Trefz (2017). MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de). METAGENE consortium.
Diabetes mellitus type 2
Blomqvist G, Alvarsson M, Grill V, Von Heijne G, Ingvar M, Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Widen L, Ekberg K: Effect of acute hyperketonemia on the cerebral uptake of ketone bodies in nondiabetic subjects and IDDM patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;283(1):E20-8. [PubMed:12067838 ]
Schizophrenia
Xuan J, Pan G, Qiu Y, Yang L, Su M, Liu Y, Chen J, Feng G, Fang Y, Jia W, Xing Q, He L: Metabolomic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for schizophrenia and risperidone action. J Proteome Res. 2011 Dec 2;10(12):5433-43. doi: 10.1021/pr2006796. Epub 2011 Nov 8. [PubMed:22007635 ]
Early preeclampsia
Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
Pregnancy
Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
Late-onset preeclampsia
Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
Crohn's disease
Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51. [PubMed:17269711 ]
Ulcerative colitis
Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51. [PubMed:17269711 ] Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
Irritable bowel syndrome
Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
Colorectal cancer
Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP: Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070803. Print 2013. [PubMed:23940645 ] Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14. [PubMed:25105552 ] Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ] Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ] Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
(). Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart. .

Associated OMIM IDs

307030 (Glycerol kinase deficiency)
125853 (Diabetes mellitus type 2)
181500 (Schizophrenia)
266600 (Crohn's disease)
114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

External Links

DrugBank ID

DB09462

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

FDB000756

KNApSAcK ID

C00001163

Chemspider ID

Not Available

KEGG Compound ID

C00116

BioCyc ID

GLYCEROL

BiGG ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Glycerol

METLIN ID

Not Available

PubChem Compound

753

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

17754

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

GLYC

MarkerDB ID

MDB00013420

Good Scents ID

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Yang, Yifang. Purification of glycerol. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2007), 3pp.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Download (PDF)

General References

Sweatman BC, Farrant RD, Holmes E, Ghauri FY, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC: 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy of human cerebrospinal fluid: effects of sample manipulation and assignment of resonances. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1993 Aug;11(8):651-64. [PubMed:8257730 ]
Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
Boulat O, Gradwohl M, Matos V, Guignard JP, Bachmann C: Organic acids in the second morning urine in a healthy Swiss paediatric population. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003 Dec;41(12):1642-58. [PubMed:14708889 ]
de Araujo Burgos MG, Bion FM, Campos F: [Lactation and alcohol: clinical and nutritional effects]. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2004 Mar;54(1):25-35. [PubMed:15332353 ]
Olbermann M, Grunert A, Bassler KH: [Biokinetic characterization of human glycerin utilization]. Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1977 Apr;4(2):68-70. [PubMed:558160 ]
Titov VN, Lisitsyn DM, Ameliushkina VA, Lupanov VP, Staroverov II, Osipov SG, Kukharchuk VV: [Double bonds of fatty acids, alcohols glycerol, cholesterol and nonpolar serum lipids. Diagnostic value of hypercholesterolemia]. Klin Lab Diagn. 2002 May;(5):3-8. [PubMed:12085703 ]
Konig K, Rickels E, Heissler HE, Zumkeller M, Samii M: Artificial elevation of brain tissue glycerol by administration of a glycerol-containing agent. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2001 Apr;94(4):621-3. [PubMed:11302662 ]
Fluhr JW, Mao-Qiang M, Brown BE, Wertz PW, Crumrine D, Sundberg JP, Feingold KR, Elias PM: Glycerol regulates stratum corneum hydration in sebaceous gland deficient (asebia) mice. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 May;120(5):728-37. [PubMed:12713573 ]
Sjostrand M, Gudbjornsdottir S, Holmang A, Strindberg L, Ekberg K, Lonnroth P: Measurements of interstitial muscle glycerol in normal and insulin-resistant subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2206-11. [PubMed:11994365 ]
Sjarif DR, Hellerud C, van Amstel JK, Kleijer WJ, Sperl W, Lacombe D, Sass JO, Beemer FA, Duran M, Poll-The BT: Glycerol kinase deficiency: residual activity explained by reduced transcription and enzyme conformation. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004 Jun;12(6):424-32. [PubMed:15026783 ]
De Haene H, Taes Y, Christophe A, Delanghe J: Comparison of triglyceride concentration with lipemic index in disorders of triglyceride and glycerol metabolism. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(2):220-2. [PubMed:16475911 ]
Eriksson A, Lindstedt S, Ransnas L, von Wendt L: Deficiency of glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30). Clin Chem. 1983 Apr;29(4):718-22. [PubMed:6299616 ]
Quisth V, Enoksson S, Blaak E, Hagstrom-Toft E, Arner P, Bolinder J: Major differences in noradrenaline action on lipolysis and blood flow rates in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in vivo. Diabetologia. 2005 May;48(5):946-53. Epub 2005 Mar 19. [PubMed:15778861 ]
Pecora P, Suraci C, Antonelli M, De Maria S, Marrocco W: Blood glycerol meaning in obese patients. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1981 Dec 15;57(23):2389-93. [PubMed:7337752 ]
Berger C, Sakowitz OW, Kiening KL, Schwab S: Neurochemical monitoring of glycerol therapy in patients with ischemic brain edema. Stroke. 2005 Feb;36(2):e4-6. Epub 2004 Dec 23. [PubMed:15618446 ]
Bulow J, Gjeraa K, Enevoldsen LH, Simonsen L: Lipid mobilization from human abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue is independent of sex during steady-state exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2006 Jul;26(4):205-11. [PubMed:16836692 ]
Yaqoob M, Nabi A: Flow injection chemiluminescent assays for glycerol and triglycerides using a co-immobilized enzyme reactor. Luminescence. 2003 Mar-Apr;18(2):67-71. [PubMed:12687625 ]
Coppack SW, Chinkes DL, Miles JM, Patterson BW, Klein S: A multicompartmental model of in vivo adipose tissue glycerol kinetics and capillary permeability in lean and obese humans. Diabetes. 2005 Jul;54(7):1934-41. [PubMed:15983192 ]
Ross SE, Erickson RL, Gerin I, DeRose PM, Bajnok L, Longo KA, Misek DE, Kuick R, Hanash SM, Atkins KB, Andresen SM, Nebb HI, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, MacDougald OA: Microarray analyses during adipogenesis: understanding the effects of Wnt signaling on adipogenesis and the roles of liver X receptor alpha in adipocyte metabolism. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;22(16):5989-99. [PubMed:12138207 ]
Foster KJ, Alberti KG, Hinks L, Lloyd B, Postle A, Smythe P, Turnell DC, Walton R: Blood intermediary metabolite and insulin concentrations after an overnight fast: reference ranges for adults, and interrelations. Clin Chem. 1978 Sep;24(9):1568-72. [PubMed:688619 ]
Ekberg NR, Wisniewski N, Brismar K, Ungerstedt U: Measurement of glucose and metabolites in subcutaneous adipose tissue during hyperglycemia with microdialysis at various perfusion flow rates. Clin Chim Acta. 2005 Sep;359(1-2):53-64. [PubMed:15939412 ]
Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 42 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters

Enzymes

Enzyme Details

1. Group IIE secretory phospholipase A2

General function:: Involved in phospholipase A2 activity
Specific function:: PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Has a preference for arachidonic-containing phospholipids.
Gene Name:: PLA2G2E
Uniprot ID:: Q9NZK7
Molecular weight:: 15988.525

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]

Enzyme Details

2. Aldose reductase

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols with a broad range of catalytic efficiencies.
Gene Name:: AKR1B1
Uniprot ID:: P15121
Molecular weight:: 35853.125

Reactions

Glycerol + NAD(P)(+) → Glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H	details
Glycerol + NAD → Glyceraldehyde + NADH + Hydrogen Ion	details
Glycerol + NADP → Glyceraldehyde + NADPH + Hydrogen Ion	details

Enzyme Details

3. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform

General function:: Involved in acyltransferase activity
Specific function:: Not Available
Gene Name:: CPT1B
Uniprot ID:: Q92523
Molecular weight:: 83890.705

Enzyme Details

4. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform

General function:: Involved in acyltransferase activity
Specific function:: Catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group of long-chain fatty acid-CoA conjugates onto carnitine, an essential step for the mitochondrial uptake of long-chain fatty acids and their subsequent beta-oxidation in the mitochondrion. Plays an important role in triglyceride metabolism.
Gene Name:: CPT1A
Uniprot ID:: P50416
Molecular weight:: 86238.415

Enzyme Details

5. Lipoprotein lipase

General function:: Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:: The primary function of this lipase is the hydrolysis of triglycerides of circulating chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Binding to heparin sulfate proteogylcans at the cell surface is vital to the function. The apolipoprotein, APOC2, acts as a coactivator of LPL activity in the presence of lipids on the luminal surface of vascular endothelium (By similarity).
Gene Name:: LPL
Uniprot ID:: P06858
Molecular weight:: 53162.07

Reactions

Glycerol + Fatty acid → Triacylglycerol	details

Enzyme Details

6. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in acyltransferase activity
Specific function:: Not Available
Gene Name:: CPT2
Uniprot ID:: P23786
Molecular weight:: 73776.335

Enzyme Details

7. Monoglyceride lipase

General function:: Lipid transport and metabolism
Specific function:: Converts monoacylglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol. Hydrolyzes the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and thereby contributes to the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling, nociperception and perception of pain (By similarity). Regulates the levels of fatty acids that serve as signaling molecules and promote cancer cell migration, invasion and tumor growth.
Gene Name:: MGLL
Uniprot ID:: Q99685
Molecular weight:: Not Available

Reactions

1-Acylglycerol + Water → Glycerol + Fatty acid	details

Enzyme Details

8. Annexin A3

General function:: Involved in calcium ion binding
Specific function:: Inhibitor of phospholipase A2, also possesses anti- coagulant properties. Also cleaves the cyclic bond of inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate to form inositol 1-phosphate
Gene Name:: ANXA3
Uniprot ID:: P12429
Molecular weight:: 36374.8

Enzyme Details

9. Bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1

General function:: Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:: Bifunctional enzyme with both ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase activity, which mediates two steps in the sulfate activation pathway. The first step is the transfer of a sulfate group to ATP to yield adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS), and the second step is the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to APS yielding 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate (PAPS: activated sulfate donor used by sulfotransferase). In mammals, PAPS is the sole source of sulfate; APS appears to be only an intermediate in the sulfate-activation pathway. Also involved in the biosynthesis of sulfated L-selectin ligands in endothelial cells.
Gene Name:: PAPSS1
Uniprot ID:: O43252
Molecular weight:: 70832.725

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]

Enzyme Details

10. Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase

General function:: Involved in hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds
Specific function:: LPH splits lactose in the small intestine.
Gene Name:: LCT
Uniprot ID:: P09848
Molecular weight:: 218584.77

Transporters

Enzyme Details

1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

General function:: Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:: Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells
Gene Name:: ABCB1
Uniprot ID:: P08183
Molecular weight:: 141477.3

References

Konishi T, Satsu H, Hatsugai Y, Aizawa K, Inakuma T, Nagata S, Sakuda SH, Nagasawa H, Shimizu M: Inhibitory effect of a bitter melon extract on the P-glycoprotein activity in intestinal Caco-2 cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Oct;143(3):379-87. Epub 2004 Sep 6. [PubMed:15351776 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 42 proteins in total.

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Showing metabocard for Glycerol (HMDB0000131)

MOL for HMDB0000131 (Glycerol)

3D MOL for HMDB0000131 (Glycerol)

3D SDF for HMDB0000131 (Glycerol)

3D-SDF for HMDB0000131 (Glycerol)

PDB for HMDB0000131 (Glycerol)

3D PDB for HMDB0000131 (Glycerol)

SMILES for HMDB0000131 (Glycerol)

INCHI for HMDB0000131 (Glycerol)

Structure for HMDB0000131 (Glycerol)

3D Structure for HMDB0000131 (Glycerol)

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Derivatized

GC-MS Spectra

MS/MS Spectra

NMR Spectra

Enzymes

References

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

References

Transporters

References