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Record Information |
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Version | 4.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2020-11-09 23:12:17 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000131 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Glycerol |
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Description | Glycerol or glycerin is a colourless, odourless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and mostly non-toxic. It is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener and humectant and in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol is an important component of triglycerides (i.e. fats and oils) and of phospholipids. Glycerol is a three-carbon substance that forms the backbone of fatty acids in fats. When the body uses stored fat as a source of energy, glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream. The glycerol component can be converted into glucose by the liver and provides energy for cellular metabolism. Normally, glycerol shows very little acute toxicity and very high oral doses or acute exposures can be tolerated. On the other hand, chronically high levels of glycerol in the blood are associated with glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD). GKD causes the condition known as hyperglycerolemia, an accumulation of glycerol in the blood and urine. There are three clinically distinct forms of GKD: infantile, juvenile, and adult. The infantile form is the most severe and is associated with vomiting, lethargy, severe developmental delay, and adrenal insufficiency. The mechanisms of glycerol toxicity in infants are not known, but it appears to shift metabolism towards chronic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated GKD. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. Patients with the adult form of GKD generally have no symptoms and are often detected fortuitously. |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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1,2,3-Propanetriol | ChEBI | 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane | ChEBI | Glycerin | ChEBI | Glycerine | ChEBI | Glyceritol | ChEBI | Glycerolum | ChEBI | Glycyl alcohol | ChEBI | Glyzerin | ChEBI | Gro | ChEBI | Oelsuess | ChEBI | Propanetriol | ChEBI | Trihydroxypropane | ChEBI | Concentrated glycerin | Kegg | Glycerin, concentrated | Kegg | Bulbold | HMDB | Cristal | HMDB | e 422 | HMDB | Emery 916 | HMDB | Glyceol opthalgan | HMDB | Glyrol | HMDB | Glysanin | HMDB | IFP | HMDB | Incorporation factor | HMDB | Mackstat H 66 | HMDB | Osmoglyn | HMDB | Pricerine 9091 | HMDB | RG-S | HMDB | Tryhydroxypropane | HMDB | 2,5-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | ChEBI | 2-(3,6-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)acetIC ACID | ChEBI | 2,5-Dihydroxyphenylacetate | KEGG | 2-(3,6-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)acetate | Generator | Homogentisate | Generator | (2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-acetate | HMDB | (2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-acetic acid | HMDB | 2,5-Dihydroxy-a-toluate | HMDB | 2,5-Dihydroxy-a-toluic acid | HMDB | 2,5-Dihydroxy-alpha-toluate | HMDB | 2,5-Dihydroxy-alpha-toluic acid | HMDB | 2,5-Dihydroxy-benzeneacetate | HMDB | 2,5-Dihydroxy-benzeneacetic acid | HMDB | Alcapton | HMDB | Homogentisate acid | HMDB | Homogentisinate | HMDB | Homogentisinic acid | HMDB | Melanic acid | HMDB | Acid, homogentisic | HMDB | GlcAa | ChEBI | GlcAalpha | ChEBI | D-Glucuronate | Generator | alpha-D-Glucopyranuronic acid | HMDB | alpha-D-Glucuronic acid | HMDB | alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid | HMDB | alpha-delta-Glucuronic acid | HMDB | D-(+)-Glucuronate | HMDB | D-(+)-Glucuronic acid | HMDB | delta-(+)-Glucuronate | HMDB | delta-(+)-Glucuronic acid | HMDB | delta-Glucuronate | HMDB | GCU | HMDB | Glucosiduronate | HMDB | Glucosiduronic acid | HMDB | Glucuronate | HMDB | Glucuronic acid | HMDB | (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | (e)-2-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | e297 | ChEBI | Fumarsaeure | ChEBI | trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid | ChEBI | trans-But-2-enedioic acid | ChEBI | trans-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | (2E)-2-Butenedioate | Generator | (e)-2-Butenedioate | Generator | trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate | Generator | trans-But-2-enedioate | Generator | trans-Butenedioate | Generator | Fumarate | Generator | (2E)-But-2-enedioate | HMDB | (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid | HMDB | 2-(e)-Butenedioate | HMDB | 2-(e)-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | Allomaleate | HMDB | Allomaleic acid | HMDB | Boletate | HMDB | Boletic acid | HMDB | FC 33 | HMDB | Lichenate | HMDB | Lichenic acid | HMDB | Sodium fumarate | HMDB | trans-2-Butenedioate | HMDB | trans-2-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | Furamag | HMDB | Ammonium fumarate | HMDB | Magnesium fumarate | HMDB | Mafusol | HMDB | (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | (e)-2-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | e297 | ChEBI | Fumarsaeure | ChEBI | trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid | ChEBI | trans-But-2-enedioic acid | ChEBI | trans-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | (2E)-2-Butenedioate | Generator | (e)-2-Butenedioate | Generator | trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate | Generator | trans-But-2-enedioate | Generator | trans-Butenedioate | Generator | Fumarate | Generator | (2E)-But-2-enedioate | HMDB | (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid | HMDB | 2-(e)-Butenedioate | HMDB | 2-(e)-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | Allomaleate | HMDB | Allomaleic acid | HMDB | Boletate | HMDB | Boletic acid | HMDB | FC 33 | HMDB | Lichenate | HMDB | Lichenic acid | HMDB | Sodium fumarate | HMDB | trans-2-Butenedioate | HMDB | trans-2-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | Furamag | HMDB | Ammonium fumarate | HMDB | Magnesium fumarate | HMDB | Mafusol | HMDB | (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | (e)-2-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | (e)-2-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | e297 | ChEBI | e297 | ChEBI | Fumarsaeure | ChEBI | Fumarsaeure | ChEBI | trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid | ChEBI | trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid | ChEBI | trans-But-2-enedioic acid | ChEBI | trans-But-2-enedioic acid | ChEBI | trans-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | trans-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | (2E)-2-Butenedioate | Generator | (2E)-2-Butenedioate | Generator | (e)-2-Butenedioate | Generator | (e)-2-Butenedioate | Generator | trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate | Generator | trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate | Generator | trans-But-2-enedioate | Generator | trans-But-2-enedioate | Generator | trans-Butenedioate | Generator | trans-Butenedioate | Generator | Fumarate | Generator | Fumarate | Generator | (2E)-But-2-enedioate | HMDB | (2E)-But-2-enedioate | HMDB | (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid | HMDB | (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid | HMDB | 2-(e)-Butenedioate | HMDB | 2-(e)-Butenedioate | HMDB | 2-(e)-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | 2-(e)-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | Allomaleate | HMDB | Allomaleate | HMDB | Allomaleic acid | HMDB | Allomaleic acid | HMDB | Boletate | HMDB | Boletate | HMDB | Boletic acid | HMDB | Boletic acid | HMDB | FC 33 | HMDB | FC 33 | HMDB | Lichenate | HMDB | Lichenate | HMDB | Lichenic acid | HMDB | Lichenic acid | HMDB | Sodium fumarate | HMDB | Sodium fumarate | HMDB | trans-2-Butenedioate | HMDB | trans-2-Butenedioate | HMDB | trans-2-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | trans-2-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | Furamag | HMDB | Furamag | HMDB | Ammonium fumarate | HMDB | Ammonium fumarate | HMDB | Magnesium fumarate | HMDB | Magnesium fumarate | HMDB | Mafusol | HMDB | Mafusol | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C3H8O3 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 92.0938 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 92.047344122 |
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IUPAC Name | propane-1,2,3-triol |
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Traditional Name | glycerol |
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CAS Registry Number | 56-81-5 |
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SMILES | OCC(O)CO |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C3H8O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h3-6H,1-2H2 |
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InChI Key | PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar alcohols. These are hydrogenated forms of carbohydrate in which the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic oxygen compounds |
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Class | Organooxygen compounds |
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Sub Class | Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates |
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Direct Parent | Sugar alcohols |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Sugar alcohol
- Secondary alcohol
- Polyol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Primary alcohol
- Alcohol
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Biological role: Industrial application: |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Liquid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 20 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 1000 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | -1.76 | HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-0fr2-0910000000-6497c0870b71585c6322 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-0ktb-0920000000-93408d69acffad6f48af | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-05mk-0940000000-778ba583836705f8fdf4 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00kb-0920000000-2e4b358941c660851f0a | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-00dj-6920000000-6828d7b00cb31e84fac1 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS) | splash10-0le9-0940000000-e0b9bada9be26d720326 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-01ox-9000000000-3fe0c184a891364773a8 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0fr2-0930000000-470b6694b25fde40d80f | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0fr2-0910000000-6497c0870b71585c6322 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0ktb-0920000000-93408d69acffad6f48af | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-05mk-0940000000-778ba583836705f8fdf4 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00kb-0920000000-2e4b358941c660851f0a | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00dj-6920000000-6828d7b00cb31e84fac1 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0le9-0940000000-e0b9bada9be26d720326 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00kb-0920000000-085a71f40d38f2729036 | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-01qc-9000000000-80cdb8c006ea00f55a64 | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0q4u-9280000000-1487e8921bcecbde6458 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-d7c139dc01453f61eb99 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0a4l-9000000000-7d7844b4813b038012da | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0udi-9100000000-16029dbe79f139ab904a | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positive | splash10-01ox-9000000000-3fe0c184a891364773a8 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0006-9000000000-a638e26fe3c3f48563c2 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-004l-9000000000-d3fd9e9abd911eb0f88e | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0a6r-9000000000-ca218dca3a5d86196d81 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0006-9000000000-b40367f5ca8d11288fbe | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0006-9000000000-ba29a0647084e32d8704 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0abc-9000000000-4cd85379d414c16f95c0 | Spectrum | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-01ox-9000000000-3706109441e6d3017895 | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Extracellular
- Mitochondria
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Saliva
- Sweat
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | - Adipose Tissue
- Bladder
- Brain
- Epidermis
- Kidney
- Liver
- Neuron
- Pancreas
- Placenta
- Prostate
- Skeletal Muscle
- Spleen
- Testis
- Thyroid Gland
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 40.0 +/- 19.0 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 43.0 +/- 9.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 50.0 +/- 16.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 39.0 +/- 9.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 68.0 (33.0 - 139.0) uM | Elderly (>65 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 80-230 uM | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 284.6(213.9) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 331.2-532.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 50 +/- 16 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 43 +/- 9 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 53.0 (28.0-102.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 431.6 +/- 100.4 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 17.5 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 39 +/- 14 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 13.5 (11.0 - 16.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 6176 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 22911 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 20467 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 167.46 +/- 122.40 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Sweat | Detected and Quantified | 3000– 10800 uM | Adult (60 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Sweat | Detected and Quantified | 730 uM | Adult (40 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Sweat | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 13 (4-19) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <20 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 17.0 +/- 43.4 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 11.5 +/- 138.5 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 9.9 +/- 16.8 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 5.1 +/- 8.8 umol/mmol creatinine | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 19.6 +/- 34.9 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 18.9 +/- 351.8 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 11.6 +/- 858 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 3.4 +/- 21.6 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 6.2 +/- 56.7 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 5.7 +/- 9.8 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 40.817 +/- 24.266 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Schizophrenia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 133.9 +/- 87.8 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Heart Transplant | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 281.8 +/- 111.7 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18 | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 194.3 +/- 157.44 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 166.5 (42.5) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Early preeclampsia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 484.2 (341.4) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 16.0 +/- 6.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Diabetes | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 4500-7900 uM | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Male | Glycerol kinase deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 124.62 (45.58) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 133.9(34.38) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 800.7 (541.7) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Late-onset preeclampsia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 346.48(169.89) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 312 (296.8) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 436.26(235.59) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 4300.0 (1300.0 +/- 7900.0) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Glycerol Kinase Deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 205.7 (57.44) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Down syndrome pregnancy | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 203.1 (79.9) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Irritable bowel syndrome | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Cryptosporidium infection | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Crohn’s Disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative Colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Crohn's disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Bladder cancer | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 22000-59000 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Male | Glycerol kinase deficiency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 8400-28300 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Male | Glycerol kinase deficiency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 4000-28000 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | Glycerol Kinase Deficiency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 75.585 +/- 55.786 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Glycerol kinase deficiency |
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- Sjarif DR, Hellerud C, van Amstel JK, Kleijer WJ, Sperl W, Lacombe D, Sass JO, Beemer FA, Duran M, Poll-The BT: Glycerol kinase deficiency: residual activity explained by reduced transcription and enzyme conformation. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004 Jun;12(6):424-32. [PubMed:15026783 ]
- Eriksson A, Lindstedt S, Ransnas L, von Wendt L: Deficiency of glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30). Clin Chem. 1983 Apr;29(4):718-22. [PubMed:6299616 ]
- Blomquist HK, Dahl N, Gustafsson L, Hellerud C, Holme E, Holmgren G, Matsson L, von Zweigbergk M: Glycerol kinase deficiency in two brothers with and without clinical manifestations. Clin Genet. 1996 Nov;50(5):375-9. [PubMed:9007327 ]
- Ramanjam V, Delport S, Wilmshurst JM: The diagnostic difficulties of complex glycerol kinase deficiency. J Child Neurol. 2010 Oct;25(10):1269-71. doi: 10.1177/0883073809357240. Epub 2010 Jan 28. [PubMed:20110216 ]
- G.Frauendienst-Egger, Friedrich K. Trefz (2017). MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de). METAGENE consortium.
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 |
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- Blomqvist G, Alvarsson M, Grill V, Von Heijne G, Ingvar M, Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Widen L, Ekberg K: Effect of acute hyperketonemia on the cerebral uptake of ketone bodies in nondiabetic subjects and IDDM patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;283(1):E20-8. [PubMed:12067838 ]
| Schizophrenia |
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- Xuan J, Pan G, Qiu Y, Yang L, Su M, Liu Y, Chen J, Feng G, Fang Y, Jia W, Xing Q, He L: Metabolomic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for schizophrenia and risperidone action. J Proteome Res. 2011 Dec 2;10(12):5433-43. doi: 10.1021/pr2006796. Epub 2011 Nov 8. [PubMed:22007635 ]
| Early preeclampsia |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
| Pregnancy |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ]
- Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
| Late-onset preeclampsia |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
| Crohn's disease |
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- Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51. [PubMed:17269711 ]
| Ulcerative colitis |
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- Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51. [PubMed:17269711 ]
- Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
| Irritable bowel syndrome |
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- Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
| Colorectal cancer |
---|
- Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP: Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070803. Print 2013. [PubMed:23940645 ]
- Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14. [PubMed:25105552 ]
- Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- (). Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart. .
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB09462 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB000756 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00001163 |
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Chemspider ID | Not Available |
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KEGG Compound ID | C00116 |
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BioCyc ID | GLYCEROL |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Glycerol |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 753 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 17754 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | GLYC |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00013420 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Yang, Yifang. Purification of glycerol. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2007), 3pp. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Olbermann M, Grunert A, Bassler KH: [Biokinetic characterization of human glycerin utilization]. Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1977 Apr;4(2):68-70. [PubMed:558160 ]
- Titov VN, Lisitsyn DM, Ameliushkina VA, Lupanov VP, Staroverov II, Osipov SG, Kukharchuk VV: [Double bonds of fatty acids, alcohols glycerol, cholesterol and nonpolar serum lipids. Diagnostic value of hypercholesterolemia]. Klin Lab Diagn. 2002 May;(5):3-8. [PubMed:12085703 ]
- Konig K, Rickels E, Heissler HE, Zumkeller M, Samii M: Artificial elevation of brain tissue glycerol by administration of a glycerol-containing agent. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2001 Apr;94(4):621-3. [PubMed:11302662 ]
- Fluhr JW, Mao-Qiang M, Brown BE, Wertz PW, Crumrine D, Sundberg JP, Feingold KR, Elias PM: Glycerol regulates stratum corneum hydration in sebaceous gland deficient (asebia) mice. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 May;120(5):728-37. [PubMed:12713573 ]
- Boulat O, Gradwohl M, Matos V, Guignard JP, Bachmann C: Organic acids in the second morning urine in a healthy Swiss paediatric population. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003 Dec;41(12):1642-58. [PubMed:14708889 ]
- Sjostrand M, Gudbjornsdottir S, Holmang A, Strindberg L, Ekberg K, Lonnroth P: Measurements of interstitial muscle glycerol in normal and insulin-resistant subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2206-11. [PubMed:11994365 ]
- Sjarif DR, Hellerud C, van Amstel JK, Kleijer WJ, Sperl W, Lacombe D, Sass JO, Beemer FA, Duran M, Poll-The BT: Glycerol kinase deficiency: residual activity explained by reduced transcription and enzyme conformation. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004 Jun;12(6):424-32. [PubMed:15026783 ]
- De Haene H, Taes Y, Christophe A, Delanghe J: Comparison of triglyceride concentration with lipemic index in disorders of triglyceride and glycerol metabolism. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(2):220-2. [PubMed:16475911 ]
- Eriksson A, Lindstedt S, Ransnas L, von Wendt L: Deficiency of glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30). Clin Chem. 1983 Apr;29(4):718-22. [PubMed:6299616 ]
- Quisth V, Enoksson S, Blaak E, Hagstrom-Toft E, Arner P, Bolinder J: Major differences in noradrenaline action on lipolysis and blood flow rates in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in vivo. Diabetologia. 2005 May;48(5):946-53. Epub 2005 Mar 19. [PubMed:15778861 ]
- Pecora P, Suraci C, Antonelli M, De Maria S, Marrocco W: Blood glycerol meaning in obese patients. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1981 Dec 15;57(23):2389-93. [PubMed:7337752 ]
- Berger C, Sakowitz OW, Kiening KL, Schwab S: Neurochemical monitoring of glycerol therapy in patients with ischemic brain edema. Stroke. 2005 Feb;36(2):e4-6. Epub 2004 Dec 23. [PubMed:15618446 ]
- Bulow J, Gjeraa K, Enevoldsen LH, Simonsen L: Lipid mobilization from human abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue is independent of sex during steady-state exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2006 Jul;26(4):205-11. [PubMed:16836692 ]
- Yaqoob M, Nabi A: Flow injection chemiluminescent assays for glycerol and triglycerides using a co-immobilized enzyme reactor. Luminescence. 2003 Mar-Apr;18(2):67-71. [PubMed:12687625 ]
- Coppack SW, Chinkes DL, Miles JM, Patterson BW, Klein S: A multicompartmental model of in vivo adipose tissue glycerol kinetics and capillary permeability in lean and obese humans. Diabetes. 2005 Jul;54(7):1934-41. [PubMed:15983192 ]
- Sweatman BC, Farrant RD, Holmes E, Ghauri FY, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC: 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy of human cerebrospinal fluid: effects of sample manipulation and assignment of resonances. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1993 Aug;11(8):651-64. [PubMed:8257730 ]
- Ross SE, Erickson RL, Gerin I, DeRose PM, Bajnok L, Longo KA, Misek DE, Kuick R, Hanash SM, Atkins KB, Andresen SM, Nebb HI, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, MacDougald OA: Microarray analyses during adipogenesis: understanding the effects of Wnt signaling on adipogenesis and the roles of liver X receptor alpha in adipocyte metabolism. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;22(16):5989-99. [PubMed:12138207 ]
- Foster KJ, Alberti KG, Hinks L, Lloyd B, Postle A, Smythe P, Turnell DC, Walton R: Blood intermediary metabolite and insulin concentrations after an overnight fast: reference ranges for adults, and interrelations. Clin Chem. 1978 Sep;24(9):1568-72. [PubMed:688619 ]
- de Araujo Burgos MG, Bion FM, Campos F: [Lactation and alcohol: clinical and nutritional effects]. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2004 Mar;54(1):25-35. [PubMed:15332353 ]
- Ekberg NR, Wisniewski N, Brismar K, Ungerstedt U: Measurement of glucose and metabolites in subcutaneous adipose tissue during hyperglycemia with microdialysis at various perfusion flow rates. Clin Chim Acta. 2005 Sep;359(1-2):53-64. [PubMed:15939412 ]
- Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
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