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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-03-08 13:03:03 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:49:11 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0001893
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB01893
Metabolite Identification
Common Namealpha-Tocopherol
Descriptionalpha-Tocopherol is traditionally recognized as the most active form of vitamin E in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant. The measurement of "vitamin E" activity in international units (IU) was based on fertility enhancement by the prevention of spontaneous abortions in pregnant rats relative to alpha-Tocopherol. Natural vitamin E exists in eight different forms or isomers: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. In foods, the most abundant sources of vitamin E are vegetable oils such as palm oil, sunflower, corn, soybean, and olive oil. Nuts, sunflower seeds, and wheat germ are also good sources.
Structure
Data?1601244308
Synonyms
ValueSource
(2R,4'R,8'R)-alpha-TocopherolChEBI
(R,R,R)-alpha-TocopherolChEBI
5,7,8-TrimethyltocolChEBI
d-alpha-TocopherolChEBI
Vitamin eChEBI
(2R,4'r,8'r)-a-TocopherolGenerator
(2R,4'R,8'R)-α-TocopherolGenerator
a-TocopherolGenerator
α-TocopherolGenerator
(R,R,R)-a-TocopherolGenerator
(R,R,R)-α-TocopherolGenerator
D-a-TocopherolGenerator
d-α-TocopherolGenerator
(+)-a-TocopherolHMDB
(+)-alpha-TocopherolHMDB
(2R)-3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-6-olHMDB
a-D-TocopherolHMDB
alpha-delta-TocopherolHMDB
delta-alpha-TocopherolHMDB
DenamoneHMDB
EprolinHMDB
PhytogerminHMDB
PhytogermineHMDB
RRR-alpha-TocopherolHMDB
RRR-alpha-TocopherylHMDB
Vitamin eaHMDB
alpha-TocopherolChEBI
(+)-2R,4'R,8'R-alpha-TocopherolHMDB
(+)-2R,4'R,8'R-α-TocopherolHMDB
(+)-2R,4’R,8’R-α-TocopherolHMDB
(+)-α-TocopherolHMDB
(2R,4’R,8’R)-α-TocopherolHMDB
(all-R)-alpha-TocopherolHMDB
(all-R)-α-TocopherolHMDB
3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-(2R)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-olHMDB
alpha-D-TocopherolHMDB
alpha-Vitamin EHMDB
α-D-TocopherolHMDB
α-Vitamin EHMDB
AlmefrolPhytoBank
EmipherolPhytoBank
EtamicanPhytoBank
EvitaminumPhytoBank
ProfecundinPhytoBank
Vitamin EalphaPhytoBank
Vitamin EαPhytoBank
Chemical FormulaC29H50O2
Average Molecular Weight430.7061
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight430.381080844
IUPAC Name(2R)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
Traditional NameVitaE
CAS Registry Number59-02-9
SMILES
CC(C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@]1(C)CCC2=C(C)C(O)=C(C)C(C)=C2O1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C29H50O2/c1-20(2)12-9-13-21(3)14-10-15-22(4)16-11-18-29(8)19-17-26-25(7)27(30)23(5)24(6)28(26)31-29/h20-22,30H,9-19H2,1-8H3/t21-,22-,29-/m1/s1
InChI KeyGVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tocopherols. These are vitamin E derivatives containing a saturated trimethyltridecyl chain attached to the carbon C6 atom of a benzopyran ring system. The differ from tocotrienols that contain an unsaturated trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl chain.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids
Sub ClassQuinone and hydroquinone lipids
Direct ParentTocopherols
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Tocopherol
  • Diterpenoid
  • 1-benzopyran
  • Benzopyran
  • Chromane
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Benzenoid
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Ether
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Not AvailableNot Available
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point3 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-Not Available209.6http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000258
[M+H]+Not Available216.4http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000258
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility7.0e-06 g/LALOGPS
logP8.84ALOGPS
logP10.51ChemAxon
logS-7.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)10.8ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.9ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area29.46 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count12ChemAxon
Refractivity135.37 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability55.29 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityNoChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+203.80931661259
DarkChem[M-H]-201.51631661259
AllCCS[M+H]+215.59932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-214.98732859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+213.27830932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-210.88330932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-243.76530932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+219.19130932474
AllCCS[M+H]+215.632859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+213.632859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+217.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+218.032859911
AllCCS[M-H]-215.032859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-217.832859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-221.132859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
alpha-TocopherolCC(C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@]1(C)CCC2=C(C)C(O)=C(C)C(C)=C2O13891.8Standard polar33892256
alpha-TocopherolCC(C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@]1(C)CCC2=C(C)C(O)=C(C)C(C)=C2O13115.2Standard non polar33892256
alpha-TocopherolCC(C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@]1(C)CCC2=C(C)C(O)=C(C)C(C)=C2O13175.0Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
alpha-Tocopherol,1TMS,isomer #1CC1=C(C)C2=C(CC[C@@](C)(CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)O2)C(C)=C1O[Si](C)(C)C3141.4Semi standard non polar33892256
alpha-Tocopherol,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=C(C)C2=C(CC[C@@](C)(CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)O2)C(C)=C1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3390.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)splash10-000i-1390000000-fc8c4f9b9405598ede7f2014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)splash10-00dr-9150010000-c4abc0e689e9b2476b9d2014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol GC-MS (1 TMS)splash10-0f79-1190040000-663296a69129a59be1a62014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-000i-1390000000-fc8c4f9b9405598ede7f2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00dr-9150010000-c4abc0e689e9b2476b9d2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f79-1190040000-663296a69129a59be1a62017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0aor-9886300000-b3225facac6ebdd8ddbd2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-000l-7735900000-1585eb83c1211ebe95f22017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0159-2900500000-03e8a824731610752eb32014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-03di-9600100000-aaf885290800a10d3fb22012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-01wr-9300000000-f0c814976a58a9d837ca2012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0f79-1494700000-6b5f8f817c5a5429ed702012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol EI-EBEB (JMS-HX/HX 110A, JEOL) , Positive-QTOFsplash10-00lr-4910600000-1eda05dacf9642d7cea02012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 30V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-a5860634bfd1ceb6833f2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0159-0900500000-5a3bc17152cb61859b2c2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0842900000-f51286676592fd1841932017-07-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-1920000000-1994f86bec2bb4a77b9c2017-07-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-066r-3930000000-02190bf16d5d85d44bce2017-07-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-004i-0110900000-c3541294fc60a7a8cc7e2017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-01t9-0730900000-553c4898757f6876036c2017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03e9-0920200000-276273a531fed5b3a2b02017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-3013900000-4985082235edff7c4b8c2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-05r1-9313200000-cbc230d5dd20c629ffab2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9320000000-5958d2e1d5b687b012c12021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-004i-0000900000-d3ddef81c134412455e12021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-004i-0310900000-30597e14cf876e4e47642021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Tocopherol 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-08g0-2982400000-371737325df4dbb523b22021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)2012-12-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Breast Milk
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Bladder
  • Epidermis
  • Erythrocyte
  • Eye Lens
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Leukocyte
  • Liver
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Prostate
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Spleen
  • Testis
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified21.3 (12.0 - 80.8) uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified21.0 (7.0-35.0) uMChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified24.6 +/- 5.8 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified24.1 +/- 6.3 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified7.4 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified31.530 +/- 12.910 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified33.830 +/- 13.840 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified37.920 +/- 16.490 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified42.350 +/- 19.690 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified34.950 +/- 14.260 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified36.320 +/- 16.900 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified37.270 +/- 16.740 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified39.220 +/- 18.780 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified25.307 +/- 5.804 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified21.855 +/- 4.864 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified28 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified25.1 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified23.812 +/- 4.794 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified22.986 +/- 6.733 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified29.719 +/- 12.538 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified9.7 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified18.574 +/- 4.644 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified22.296 +/- 4.883 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified23.914 +/- 6.269 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified26.700 +/- 5.804 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified30.540 +/- 5.260 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified30.650 +/- 4.820 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified31.0500 +/- 6.940 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified31.0900 +/- 8.0600 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified31.490 +/- 7.0700 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified31.790 +/- 5.760 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified31.800 +/- 8.470 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified32.0800 +/- 6.550 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified32.940 +/- 10.0700 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified33.410 +/- 10.250 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified33.680 +/- 10.230 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified33.790 +/- 8.490 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified33.920 +/- 11.740 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified34.310 +/- 12.270 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified34.800 +/- 11.400 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified34.827 +/- 11.144 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified35.0500 +/- 11.730 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified35.440 +/- 10.360 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified37.845 +/- 11.609 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified16.157 uMChildren (1-13 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0186-0.0279 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified17.066 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified17.8 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified29.0 (18.0-43.7) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified26.3 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified26.782 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified28.2 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified34 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified17.0900 +/- 2.770 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified22.472 +/- 5.370 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified23.682 +/- 6.733 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified24.581 +/- 10.230 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified26 +/- 7.300 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified26.200 +/- 8.400 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified27.861 +/- 13.931 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified28 +/- 11 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified30.900 +/- 1.100 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified31.800 +/- 0.800 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified36.220 +/- 12.538 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified37.380 +/- 12.0732 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified17.096 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified17.941 uMChildren (1-13 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified19.7 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified24.5 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified27.5 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified27.9 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified33.87 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0223 +/- 0.00464 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified16.960 +/- 3.0900 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified22.0684 +/- 4.249 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified25.539 +/- 6.965 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified26 +/- 8 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified27.100 +/- 8.400 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified27.100 +/- 8.800 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified28.200 +/- 0.400 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified28.600 +/- 0.400 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified30 +/- 12 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified32.505 +/- 16.252 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified32.505 +/- 8.126 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified34.827 +/- 18.574 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified38.541 +/- 11.144 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified4.64-48.76 uMInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal
    • CALIPER Paediatri...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified13.93-32.51 uMChildren (1 - <19 years old)Both
Normal
    • CALIPER Paediatri...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified18.0-43.7 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified30.9 (17.6-53.2) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified14.6 +/- 0.4 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified11.609-46.435 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified48.6 +/- 23.7 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified48.3 +/- 22.5 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified14.2 +/- 0.4 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Breast MilkDetected and Quantified1.5685229 +/- 0.8530929 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedInfant (0-1 year old)Not Specified
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedInfant (0-1 year old)Not Specified
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedInfant (0-1 year old)Not AvailableNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.0099 +/- 0.0041 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.0097 +/- 0.0032 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.082 +/- 0.048 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified32 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal, breast, or neuroendocrine cancer
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal adenoma
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.00302 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Abetalipoproteinemia
details
BloodDetected and Quantified30.0 (20.6-33.9) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleEndometrial cancer details
BloodDetected and Quantified1.161-5.340 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedVitamin E deficiency details
BloodDetected and Quantified44.114 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
27-hydroxylase deficiency
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.11 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedParkinson's Disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal Cancer details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal Cancer details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.0067 +/- 0.0039 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Oral cancer
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.0062 +/- 0.0041 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Oral cancer
details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Endometrial cancer
  1. Jeong NH, Song ES, Lee JM, Lee KB, Kim MK, Yun YM, Lee JK, Son SK, Lee JP, Kim JH, Hur SY, Kwon YI: Preoperative levels of plasma micronutrients are related to endometrial cancer risk. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(4):434-9. doi: 10.1080/00016340902767187. [PubMed:19235557 ]
Abetalipoproteinemia
  1. Lazaro RP, Dentinger MP, Rodichok LD, Barron KD, Satya-Murti S: Muscle pathology in Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome and vitamin E deficiency. Am J Clin Pathol. 1986 Sep;86(3):378-87. [PubMed:2944375 ]
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
  1. Siman-Tov T, Meiner V, Gadoth N: Could steroids mask the diagnosis of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis? J Neurol Sci. 2006 Apr 15;243(1-2):83-6. Epub 2006 Jan 30. [PubMed:16445943 ]
Vitamin E deficiency
  1. Cavalier L, Ouahchi K, Kayden HJ, Di Donato S, Reutenauer L, Mandel JL, Koenig M: Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: heterogeneity of mutations and phenotypic variability in a large number of families. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Feb;62(2):301-10. [PubMed:9463307 ]
Parkinson's disease
  1. Pappert EJ, Tangney CC, Goetz CG, Ling ZD, Lipton JW, Stebbins GT, Carvey PM: Alpha-tocopherol in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease patients: dose-response study and correlations with plasma levels. Neurology. 1996 Oct;47(4):1037-42. [PubMed:8857741 ]
Colorectal cancer
  1. Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
  2. Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
  3. Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB00163
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB000565
KNApSAcK IDC00007366
Chemspider ID14265
KEGG Compound IDC02477
BioCyc IDALPHA-TOCOPHEROL
BiGG ID2296507
Wikipedia LinkAlpha-Tocopherol
METLIN ID6376
PubChem Compound14985
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID18145
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDAVITE1
MarkerDB IDMDB00000354
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceMatsui, Makoto. Synthesis of a-tocopherol for the next century. Nihon Yukagakkaishi (1996), 45(9), 821-831.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
  2. Hino K, Murakami Y, Nagai A, Kitase A, Hara Y, Furutani T, Ren F, Yamaguchi Y, Yutoku K, Yamashita S, Okuda M, Okita M, Okita K: Alpha-tocopherol [corrected] and ascorbic acid attenuates the ribavirin [corrected] induced decrease of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte membrane in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Aug;21(8):1269-75. [PubMed:16872308 ]
  3. Ble-Castillo JL, Carmona-Diaz E, Mendez JD, Larios-Medina FJ, Medina-Santillan R, Cleva-Villanueva G, Diaz-Zagoya JC: Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the metabolic control and oxidative stress in female type 2 diabetics. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005 Jul;59(6):290-5. [PubMed:15932790 ]
  4. Jeanes YM, Hall WL, Proteggente AR, Lodge JK: Cigarette smokers have decreased lymphocyte and platelet alpha-tocopherol levels and increased excretion of the gamma-tocopherol metabolite gamma-carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC). Free Radic Res. 2004 Aug;38(8):861-8. [PubMed:15493460 ]
  5. Jeanes YM, Hall WL, Lodge JK: Comparative (2)H-labelled alpha-tocopherol biokinetics in plasma, lipoproteins, erythrocytes, platelets and lymphocytes in normolipidaemic males. Br J Nutr. 2005 Jul;94(1):92-9. [PubMed:16115338 ]
  6. de Souza Junior O, Treitinger A, Baggio GL, Michelon C, Verdi JC, Cunha J, Ferreira SI, Spada C: alpha-Tocopherol as an antiretroviral therapy supplement for HIV-1-infected patients for increased lymphocyte viability. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(4):376-82. [PubMed:15899652 ]
  7. Palan PR, Woodall AL, Anderson PS, Mikhail MS: Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl quinone levels in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 May;190(5):1407-10. [PubMed:15167851 ]
  8. Traber MG, Siddens LK, Leonard SW, Schock B, Gohil K, Krueger SK, Cross CE, Williams DE: Alpha-tocopherol modulates Cyp3a expression, increases gamma-CEHC production, and limits tissue gamma-tocopherol accumulation in mice fed high gamma-tocopherol diets. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Mar 15;38(6):773-85. [PubMed:15721988 ]
  9. Mardla V, Kobzar G, Samel N: Potentiation of antiaggregating effect of prostaglandins by alpha-tocopherol and quercetin. Platelets. 2004 Aug;15(5):319-24. [PubMed:15370103 ]
  10. Pappert EJ, Tangney CC, Goetz CG, Ling ZD, Lipton JW, Stebbins GT, Carvey PM: Alpha-tocopherol in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease patients: dose-response study and correlations with plasma levels. Neurology. 1996 Oct;47(4):1037-42. [PubMed:8857741 ]
  11. Rota C, Barella L, Minihane AM, Stocklin E, Rimbach G: Dietary alpha-tocopherol affects differential gene expression in rat testes. IUBMB Life. 2004 May;56(5):277-80. [PubMed:15370891 ]
  12. Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S, Tavakkol A, Polefka TG, Nabi Z, Elsner P, Thiele JJ: Vitamin E delivery to human skin by a rinse-off product: penetration of alpha-tocopherol versus wash-out effects of skin surface lipids. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2005 Jan-Feb;18(1):20-6. [PubMed:15608499 ]
  13. Liu ZQ: The "unexpected role" of vitamin E in free radical-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes: alpha-tocopherol-mediated peroxidation. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2006;44(2):233-9. [PubMed:16456225 ]
  14. Kang MJ, Lin YC, Yeh WH, Pan WH: Vitamin E status and its dietary determinants in Taiwanese--results of the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 1993-1996. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Apr;43(2):86-92. Epub 2004 Jan 6. [PubMed:15083315 ]
  15. Hozyasz K, Chelchowska M: [Vitamin E status in mothers of children with cleft lip]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2004 Jul;17(97):25-7. [PubMed:15559605 ]
  16. Rose AT, McFadden DW: Alpha-tocopherol succinate inhibits growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro. J Surg Res. 2001 Jan;95(1):19-22. [PubMed:11120630 ]
  17. Murohara T, Ikeda H, Otsuka Y, Aoki M, Haramaki N, Katoh A, Takajo Y, Imaizumi T: Inhibition of platelet adherence to mononuclear cells by alpha-tocopherol: role of P-selectin. Circulation. 2004 Jul 13;110(2):141-8. Epub 2004 Jun 14. [PubMed:15197142 ]
  18. Hozyasz KK, Chelchowska M, Laskowska-Klita T, Ruszkowska L, Milanowski A: [Low concentration of alpha-tocopherol in erythrocytes of atopic dermatitis patients]. Med Wieku Rozwoj. 2004 Oct-Dec;8(4 Pt 1):963-9. [PubMed:15951615 ]
  19. Horwitt MK, Elliott WH, Kanjananggulpan P, Fitch CD: Serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol after ingestion of various vitamin E preparations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Aug;40(2):240-5. [PubMed:6465056 ]
  20. Iuliano L, Micheletta F, Maranghi M, Frati G, Diczfalusy U, Violi F: Bioavailability of vitamin E as function of food intake in healthy subjects: effects on plasma peroxide-scavenging activity and cholesterol-oxidation products. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Oct;21(10):E34-7. [PubMed:11597949 ]
  21. Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E: Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 4;142(1):37-46. Epub 2004 Nov 10. [PubMed:15537682 ]
  22. Poston L, Briley AL, Seed PT, Kelly FJ, Shennan AH: Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia (VIP trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2006 Apr 8;367(9517):1145-54. [PubMed:16616557 ]
  23. Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS: Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 27;354(17):1796-806. [PubMed:16641396 ]
  24. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
  25. Linus Pauling Institute [Link]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 19 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in heme oxygenase (decyclizing) activity
Specific function:
Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the activity of heme oxygenase is highest in the spleen, where senescent erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed.
Gene Name:
HMOX1
Uniprot ID:
P09601
Molecular weight:
32818.345
References
  1. Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [PubMed:20153624 ]
General function:
Involved in diacylglycerol kinase activity
Specific function:
Upon cell stimulation converts the second messenger diacylglycerol into phosphatidate, initiating the resynthesis of phosphatidylinositols and attenuating protein kinase C activity
Gene Name:
DGKA
Uniprot ID:
P23743
Molecular weight:
82629.5
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
General function:
Involved in glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
GCLC
Uniprot ID:
P48506
Molecular weight:
68629.42
References
  1. Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [PubMed:20153624 ]
General function:
Involved in glutathione transferase activity
Specific function:
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. May govern uptake and detoxification of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics at the testis and brain blood barriers.
Gene Name:
GSTM3
Uniprot ID:
P21266
Molecular weight:
26559.32
References
  1. Mustacich DJ, Gohil K, Bruno RS, Yan M, Leonard SW, Ho E, Cross CE, Traber MG: Alpha-tocopherol modulates genes involved in hepatic xenobiotic pathways in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Jun;20(6):469-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.05.007. Epub 2008 Sep 11. [PubMed:18789671 ]
General function:
Involved in glutathione transferase activity
Specific function:
Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities. Has S-(phenacyl)glutathione reductase activity. Has also glutathione S-transferase activity. Participates in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic and reduces monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsonic acid.
Gene Name:
GSTO1
Uniprot ID:
P78417
Molecular weight:
27565.6
References
  1. Sampayo-Reyes A, Zakharyan RA: Tocopherol esters inhibit human glutathione S-transferase omega. Acta Biochim Pol. 2006;53(3):547-52. Epub 2006 Oct 1. [PubMed:17019444 ]
General function:
Involved in glutathione transferase activity
Specific function:
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
Gene Name:
GSTA2
Uniprot ID:
P09210
Molecular weight:
25663.675
References
  1. Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [PubMed:20153624 ]
General function:
Involved in glutathione transferase activity
Specific function:
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Regulates negatively CDK5 activity via p25/p35 translocation to prevent neurodegeneration.
Gene Name:
GSTP1
Uniprot ID:
P09211
Molecular weight:
23355.625
References
  1. Ralat LA, Colman RF: Identification of tyrosine 79 in the tocopherol binding site of glutathione S-transferase pi. Biochemistry. 2006 Oct 17;45(41):12491-9. [PubMed:17029404 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups
Specific function:
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The heterodimer formed with SPTLC2 or SPTLC3 constitutes the catalytic core. The composition of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex determines the substrate preference. The SPTLC1-SPTLC2-SPTSSA complex shows a strong preference for C16-CoA substrate, while the SPTLC1-SPTLC3-SPTSSA isozyme uses both C14-CoA and C16-CoA as substrates, with a slight preference for C14-CoA. The SPTLC1-SPTLC2-SPTSSB complex shows a strong preference for C18-CoA substrate, while the SPTLC1-SPTLC3-SPTSSB isozyme displays an ability to use a broader range of acyl-CoAs, without apparent preference.
Gene Name:
SPTLC1
Uniprot ID:
O15269
Molecular weight:
52743.41
General function:
Involved in metal ion binding
Specific function:
Catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a role in inflammatory processes.
Gene Name:
ALOX5
Uniprot ID:
P09917
Molecular weight:
77982.595
References
  1. Taccone-Gallucci M, Manca-di-Villahermosa S, Battistini L, Stuffler RG, Tedesco M, Maccarrone M: N-3 PUFAs reduce oxidative stress in ESRD patients on maintenance HD by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity. Kidney Int. 2006 Apr;69(8):1450-4. [PubMed:16531984 ]
General function:
Involved in protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Specific function:
PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters
Gene Name:
PRKCA
Uniprot ID:
P17252
Molecular weight:
76763.5
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Azzi A, Boscoboinik D, Clement S, Marilley D, Ozer NK, Ricciarelli R, Tasinato A: Alpha-tocopherol as a modulator of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997 Oct;57(4-5):507-14. [PubMed:9430404 ]
  4. Sylvester PW, McIntyre BS, Gapor A, Briski KP: Vitamin E inhibition of normal mammary epithelial cell growth is associated with a reduction in protein kinase C(alpha) activation. Cell Prolif. 2001 Dec;34(6):347-57. [PubMed:11736999 ]
  5. Huang Y, Ishizuka T, Miura A, Kajita K, Ishizawa M, Kimura M, Yamamoto Y, Kawai Y, Morita H, Uno Y, Yasuda K: Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and vitamin E on insulin-induced glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Mar;55(3):175-83. [PubMed:11850093 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 19 proteins in total.