HMDB0000045 | Adenosine monophosphate | 61-19-8 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0000045/thumb.svg) | C10H14N5O7P | 347.2212 347.063084339 | Not Available |
HMDB0000058 | Cyclic AMP | 60-92-4 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0000058/thumb.svg) | C10H12N5O6P | 329.2059 329.052519653 | Not Available |
HMDB0001314 | Cyclic GMP | 7665-99-8 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0001314/thumb.svg) | C10H12N5O7P | 345.2053 345.047434275 | Not Available |
HMDB0001397 | Guanosine monophosphate | 85-32-5 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0001397/thumb.svg) | C10H14N5O8P | 363.2206 363.057998961 | Not Available |
HMDB0001847 | Caffeine | 58-08-2 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0001847/thumb.svg) | C8H10N4O2 | 194.1906 194.080375584 | - Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
- Daly JW: Caffeine analogs: biomedical impact. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Aug;64(16):2153-69. [PubMed:17514358 ]
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HMDB0001889 | Theophylline | 58-55-9 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0001889/thumb.svg) | C7H8N4O2 | 180.164 180.06472552 | - Lipworth BJ: Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2005 Jan 8-14;365(9454):167-75. [PubMed:15639300 ]
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HMDB0002111 | Water | 7732-18-5 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0002111/thumb.svg) | H2O | 18.0153 18.010564686 | Not Available |
HMDB0002825 | Theobromine | 83-67-0 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0002825/thumb.svg) | C7H8N4O2 | 180.164 180.06472552 | - Daly JW: Caffeine analogs: biomedical impact. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Aug;64(16):2153-69. [PubMed:17514358 ]
- Fisone G, Borgkvist A, Usiello A: Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Apr;61(7-8):857-72. [PubMed:15095008 ]
- Essayan DM: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Nov;108(5):671-80. [PubMed:11692087 ]
- Deree J, Martins JO, Melbostad H, Loomis WH, Coimbra R: Insights into the regulation of TNF-alpha production in human mononuclear cells: the effects of non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibition. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008 Jun;63(3):321-8. [PubMed:18568240 ]
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HMDB0014789 | Dyphylline | 479-18-5 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0014789/thumb.svg) | C10H14N4O4 | 254.2426 254.101504956 | - Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
- Iancu L, Shneur A, Cohen H: Trials with xanthine derivatives in systemic treatment of psoriasis. Dermatologica. 1979;159(1):55-61. [PubMed:225216 ]
- Hariton C: Ocular hypotension induced by topical dopaminergic drugs and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994 Jun 2;258(1-2):85-94. [PubMed:7925603 ]
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HMDB0014944 | Pentoxifylline | 6493-05-6 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0014944/thumb.svg) | C13H18N4O3 | 278.307 278.137890462 | - Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
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HMDB0014962 | Enprofylline | 41078-02-8 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0014962/thumb.svg) | C8H10N4O2 | 194.1906 194.080375584 | - Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
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HMDB0015056 | Ketotifen | 34580-14-8 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0015056/thumb.svg) | C19H19NOS | 309.425 309.118734925 | - Castillo JG, Gamboa PM, Garcia BE, Oehling A: Effect of ketotifen on phosphodiesterase activity from asthmatic individuals. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1990 Jul-Aug;18(4):197-201. [PubMed:1702263 ]
- Huang Z, Liu S, Zhang L, Salem M, Greig GM, Chan CC, Natsumeda Y, Noguchi K: Preferential inhibition of human phosphodiesterase 4 by ibudilast. Life Sci. 2006 May 1;78(23):2663-8. Epub 2005 Nov 28. [PubMed:16313925 ]
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HMDB0015220 | Iloprost | 78919-13-8 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0015220/thumb.svg) | C30H38O5 | 478.6197 478.271924326 | - Wilkens H, Guth A, Konig J, Forestier N, Cremers B, Hennen B, Bohm M, Sybrecht GW: Effect of inhaled iloprost plus oral sildenafil in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2001 Sep 11;104(11):1218-22. [PubMed:11551870 ]
- Ghofrani HA, Rose F, Schermuly RT, Olschewski H, Wiedemann R, Weissmann N, Schudt C, Tenor H, Seeger W, Grimminger F: Amplification of the pulmonary vasodilatory response to inhaled iloprost by subthreshold phosphodiesterase types 3 and 4 inhibition in severe pulmonary hypertension. Crit Care Med. 2002 Nov;30(11):2489-92. [PubMed:12441759 ]
- Schermuly RT, Leuchte H, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Rose F, Kohstall M, Olschewski H, Schudt C, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Walmrath D: Zardaverine and aerosolised iloprost in a model of acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J. 2003 Aug;22(2):342-7. [PubMed:12952271 ]
- Grant PG, Mannarino AF, Colman RW: cAMP-mediated phosphorylation of the low-Km cAMP phosphodiesterase markedly stimulates its catalytic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(23):9071-5. [PubMed:2461561 ]
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HMDB0015245 | Papaverine | 61-25-6 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0015245/thumb.svg) | C20H21NO4 | 339.385 339.147058165 | - Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
- Xin ZC, Kim EK, Lin CS, Liu WJ, Tian L, Yuan YM, Fu J: Effects of icariin on cGMP-specific PDE5 and cAMP-specific PDE4 activities. Asian J Androl. 2003 Mar;5(1):15-8. [PubMed:12646997 ]
- Zhu S, Gan Z, Li Z, Liu Y, Yang X, Deng P, Xie Y, Yu M, Liao H, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Liao F: The measurement of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 4 activities via the quantification of inorganic phosphate with malachite green. Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Mar 16;636(1):105-10. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.035. Epub 2009 Jan 22. [PubMed:19231363 ]
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HMDB0015496 | Amrinone | 60719-84-8 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0015496/thumb.svg) | C10H9N3O | 187.198 187.074561925 | - Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
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HMDB0015614 | Ibudilast | 50847-11-5 | ![Thumb](/structures/HMDB0015614/thumb.svg) | C14H18N2O | 230.3055 230.141913208 | - Huang Z, Liu S, Zhang L, Salem M, Greig GM, Chan CC, Natsumeda Y, Noguchi K: Preferential inhibition of human phosphodiesterase 4 by ibudilast. Life Sci. 2006 May 1;78(23):2663-8. Epub 2005 Nov 28. [PubMed:16313925 ]
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